27 results about "Electron number" patented technology

An apparatus, system, and method for real-time dosimetry. An electron beam irradiation system includes one or more detectors. The detectors have coils that, when an electron travels by a sensor pad in the detector, the electron induces a current into the coils. The current is detected, and the electron is counted. The number of electrons counted at the one or more detectors is compared to the number of electrons leaving an electron gun, giving a dosage of the workpiece being irradiated.

An electron gun drive power supply 30 drives an electron gun including a cathode electrode 5 that emits electrons E, an adjustment electrode 7 that adjusts the amount of the electrons E to be emitted from the cathode electrode 5, and an extraction electrode 8 that extracts the electrons E from the cathode electrode 5. The electron gun drive power supply comprises a potential switching unit 16 that switches between a state in which the potential of the cathode electrode 5 is lower than the potential of the extraction electrode 8 and a state in which the potential of the cathode electrode 5 is higher than or equal to the potential of the extraction electrode 8. The electron gun drive power supply 30 can rapidly switch between an ON state in which a target is irradiated with the electrons and an OFF state in which the target is not irradiated with the electrons.

The invention relates to the cross technical field of quantum calculation and quantum chemistry, and particularly discloses a variable component subscript solicitation method and device based on physical symmetry, a medium and equipment, the method comprises the following steps: obtaining target system information, the target system information comprises Hamiltonian, electron number, orbit energy distribution and symmetry of a target system; reducing the Hamiltonian based on the electron number and the orbit energy distribution, and converting the reduced Hamiltonian from a Fermi operator form to a Fouli operator form to obtain a Fouli Hamiltonian; determining a variable component sub-line based on the symmetry; and solving the Follicle Hamiltonian quantity based on the variable component sub-line to obtain the ground state energy of the target system. The method solves the problem that the current quantum calculation bit number is difficult to adapt to a large chemical system.

To provide an X-ray generator capable of avoiding damage to a target even when discharge occurs between a cathode electrode and an adjustment electrode.SOLUTION: An X-ray generator 1 includes a cathode electrode 5 that emits electrons E, an adjustment electrode 7 that adjusts an emission amount of the electrons E from the cathode electrode 5, an extraction electrode 8 that extracts the electrons E from the cathode electrode 5, a target 9 that generates an X-ray R by incidence of the electrons E, a discharge detection unit 15 that detects discharge between the cathode electrode 5 and the adjustment electrode 7, and a potential switching unit 16 that sets a potential of the extraction electrode 8 to be higher than a potential of the cathode electrode 5 during a normal operation and sets the potential of the extraction electrode 8 to be equal to or lower than the potential of the cathode electrode 5 during discharge detection.SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 1

The application discloses a kind of based on electronic density and distribution uniformity Fractal dimension calculation method and general detection device, belong to material microstructure characterization technical field.The method determines material chemical formula unit total price electron number, theoretical dense density and molar mass, detects actual density and calculates porosity;Collect surface topography gray data, calculate electronic distribution uniformity by normalized variance;Total price electron number density is calculated, combined with fitting proportion coefficient, and the fractal dimension is obtained by general formula.The detection device uses modular architecture, including basic parameter input, density detection, uniformity acquisition, main control calculation and result output module, each module can be independently replaced, and the main control module is built-in core algorithm.The application does not need large microscopes, realizes fast, low-cost detection, adapts to various solid materials, wide protection range, easy industrialization, solves the problems of high cost, complicated process, poor universality and easy to avoid in prior art.

An electron beam device 100 for generating a pulsed electron beam 1 including a sequence of electron pulses comprises an irradiation source device 10 for generating a sequence of emitter excitation pulses 2, in particular laser pulses; an electron source device 20 having a photoemission electron source 21 for irradiation-induced emission of source electron pulses 3 in response to irradiation with the emitter excitation pulses 2; a number-state disperser 30 for spatially separating the source electron pulses 3 into sub-pulses 4, 4A, each sub-pulse 4, 4A including an integer number n of electrons, where n = 1, 2, 3, ...; and a number-state selection device 40 for selecting sub-pulses 4, 4A including at least one set of predetermined electron number states as the generated pulsed electron beam 1. Preferably, the photoemission electron source 21 is configured to generate countable low-charge electron pulses, e.g., including 1, 2, 3, or 4 electrons per pulse. Methods for generating the pulsed electron beam 1 and for using the electron beam device are also described.

The goal is to automate the determination of the active space, which is useful for quantum chemical calculations. [Solution] The active space determination program obtains occupancy data, which includes data showing the time-series changes in the number of electrons occupied in each of multiple molecular orbitals. Using the occupancy data as input, the program calculates the solution to a mathematical optimization model formulated with constraints that keep the sum of the number of electrons occupied in multiple molecular orbitals constant, and an objective function that gives a relatively higher evaluation to combinations of molecular orbitals whose time-series changes in the number of electrons occupied are negatively correlated with combinations whose time-series changes in the number of electrons occupied when selecting a subset from multiple molecular orbitals to be used in quantum chemical calculations, compared to combinations whose time-series changes in the number of electrons occupied are positively correlated. The program then has the computer execute the calculation and output the result.

The embodiment of the invention discloses a method and system for detecting the number of free electrons of a detected piece. The method comprises the following steps: generating free electrons in a tested piece in a vacuum environment through a photoelectric effect; acquiring a first current value which is a stable current value when the external electric field is not applied to the measured piece; an external electric field is applied to the measured piece after the first current value is obtained, and a second current value is obtained and is a stable current value when the external electric field is applied to the measured piece; after the second current value is obtained, the external electric field applied to the measured piece is cancelled, and a third current value is obtained and is a stable current value obtained after the external electric field applied to the measured piece is cancelled; and when the second current value is verified to be valid based on the first current value and the third current value, obtaining the number of free electrons generated in the tested piece. According to the method, a tested piece can generate free electrons in a vacuum environment through a photoelectric effect, an effective current value when an external electric field is applied is determined, and the number of the free electrons generated in the tested piece is obtained based on the effective current value.

To provide an electron tube that can appropriately make electromagnetic waves having a predetermined electric field oscillation direction incident on an electron emission section and can appropriately multiply electrons emitted from the electron emission section in response to the incidence of the electromagnetic waves having the predetermined electric field oscillation direction. [Solution] The electron tube (1) comprises an electron emitter (3) including a metasurface (32) that emits electrons in response to incidence of an electromagnetic wave (W) having a predetermined electric field oscillation direction (V), an electron multiplier (4) that multiplies the electrons emitted from the electron emitter (3), and a first mesh electrode (5) arranged between the electron emitter (3) and the electron multiplier (4). The first mesh electrode (5) includes a plurality of wires (52) that define a plurality of openings aligned in a first direction (D1) parallel to the electric field oscillation direction (V). When viewed from the propagation direction (T) of the electromagnetic wave (W), each of the plurality of openings has an elongated shape whose longitudinal direction is a second direction (D2) that intersects with the first direction (D1) at an angle of 45 degrees or more.

The application discloses a method for determining the width value of an avalanche gas gap of a gas detector and a related device, and belongs to the technical field of detectors. The method comprises the following steps: sequentially obtaining a plurality of energy spectrum groups of an anode readout plate irradiated by a radioactive source under a plurality of different voltages; obtaining a primary electron number; for each energy spectrum group corresponding to a voltage: obtaining a detector gain corresponding to the voltage based on the energy spectrum group and the primary electron number; determining a gas parameter and a photon feedback item corresponding to the voltage; determining the width value of the avalanche gas gap under the voltage based on the detector gain corresponding to the voltage, the gas parameter corresponding to the voltage, and the photon feedback item corresponding to the voltage; and determining the final width value of the avalanche gas gap of the gas detector based on the width values of the avalanche gas gaps under the plurality of different voltages. The application can improve the accuracy of the determined width value of the avalanche gas gap, thereby accurately calibrating the avalanche gas gap of the gas detector.

The application discloses an element concentration detection method based on laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy, and belongs to the technical field of laser spectrum analysis. The method comprises the following steps: acquiring plasma electron temperature, electron number density and element interference in LIBS of an unknown sample, and then acquiring energy and area of a plasma acoustic spectrum image corresponding to the unknown sample; inputting five features corresponding to the unknown sample into a mapping relationship to obtain a standard spectrum deviation, so as to correct an actual spectrum of a spectrum line to be corrected and obtain a corrected spectrum after elimination of a matrix effect; and finally, substituting the corrected spectrum into a calibration curve to obtain an element concentration after elimination of the influence of the matrix effect. The application summarizes main factors influencing spectral intensity due to the matrix effect, extracts features from LIBS and a plasma acoustic spectrum image, performs fitting and correction on the deviation of each spectrum, and has the advantages of clear physical meaning, no need for pretreatment, no need for complicated parameter adjustment, low cost and small amount of calculation compared with existing methods.

The invention relates to an arc reignition determination method and device, computer equipment and a storage medium, and the method comprises the steps: obtaining a target space-time coordinate point of a vacuum circuit breaker after the vacuum circuit breaker cuts off a circuit of a power system; wherein the target space-time coordinate points comprise time coordinates and space coordinates, the time coordinates correspond to different moments in the post-arc medium recovery process, and the space coordinates correspond to different positions in the electrode gap of the vacuum circuit breaker; inputting the target space-time coordinate point into a target simulation model to obtain a target simulation physical quantity; wherein the target simulation physical quantity comprises at least one of potential, electron number density, ion number density and electron temperature; and determining a reignition evaluation result of the arc according to the target simulation physical quantity. According to the scheme, the target time-space coordinate point is input into the target simulation model, so that the target simulation physical quantity can be quickly obtained, and massive particles do not need to be simulated, thereby improving the simulation efficiency.

A method for simulating the behavior of a physical system using a quantum computer comprising a plurality of qubits, wherein the qubits are first evaluated with respect to their system properties and categorized into high-performance qubits and low-performance qubits, wherein the physical system is described in a Hilbert space spanned by orbitals, and the spin-like system is assigned to the high-performance qubits during a mapping process, the behavior of the physical system is simulated using the qubits of the quantum computer, and physical observables of the physical system are determined by measurements of the qubits of the quantum computer, characterized in that, in an identification step, spin-like linear combinations of orbitals in the physical system are identified, and these are spin-like orbitals in the spin-like system.which, in addition to other remaining orbitals, span the Hilbert space, wherein the physical system thus described is transformed such that, after the transformation, changes in the number of electrons and / or the electron density on the spin-like orbitals are reduced or completely eliminated, and the transformed physical system is then described on a Hilbert space spanned only by the orbitals identified as spin-like.

An electron microscope analysis system includes a detector that captures an electron microscope image formed on a detection plane by an electron beam that irradiates a specimen to be observed and transmits through the specimen. Electrons each having a de Broglie wave motion are integrated to be a linear rotor that is a collection of the electrons each having the de Broglie wave motion, so that each electron can be recognized, the principle of conservation of electric charge can be satisfied, and interaction with the specimen can be calculated. The electron is represented as a detection point on the detection plane, for comparison with actual measurement data when the number of electrons is small, to reduce damage of the specimen by the electron beam, and to obtain information of the specimen when an amount of irradiation is small.

To provide an electron tube that can appropriately make electromagnetic waves having a predetermined electric field oscillation direction incident on an electron emission section and can appropriately multiply electrons emitted from the electron emission section in response to the incidence of the electromagnetic waves having the predetermined electric field oscillation direction. [Solution] The electron tube (1) comprises an electron emitter (3) including a metasurface (32) that emits electrons in response to incidence of an electromagnetic wave (W) having a predetermined electric field oscillation direction (V), an electron multiplier (4) that multiplies the electrons emitted from the electron emitter (3), and a first mesh electrode (5) arranged between the electron emitter (3) and the electron multiplier (4). The first mesh electrode (5) includes a plurality of wires (52) that define a plurality of openings aligned in a first direction (D1) parallel to the electric field oscillation direction (V). When viewed from the propagation direction (T) of the electromagnetic wave (W), each of the plurality of openings has an elongated shape whose longitudinal direction is a second direction (D2) that intersects with the first direction (D1) at an angle of 45 degrees or more.

An information processing apparatus iterates a process of updating a value of a coefficient in a third equation and a process of searching for a ground state of a many-electron system. The third equation is obtained by adding a term, which is a product of a second equation relating to the number of electrons in the many-electron system and the coefficient, to a first equation for computing a physical quantity of the many-electron system. The search process employs a variational quantum eigensolver method and searches for the ground state of the many-electron system by setting, in the (k+1)th search process, a final state of the many-electron system obtained in one of the first to k-th search processes as an initial state, and then changing the quantum state of the many-electron system from the initial state such that the expected value of the third equation is reduced.

The invention provides a molecular system ground state energy value output method, a medium, a system and related equipment, and the method comprises the steps: calculating the ground state energy value and the electron number of a fragment according to a specified chemical potential value for each fragment corresponding to a molecular system; iteratively adjusting the chemical potential value by using the total electron number calculated according to the fragments and the total electron number of the molecular system to obtain a target chemical potential value and a ground state energy value of each fragment corresponding to the target chemical potential value; and calculating and outputting the ground state energy value of the molecular system based on the ground state energy value of each fragment corresponding to the target chemical potential value. According to the method, the large molecular system is divided into the small fragments for calculation, the ground state energy value of each fragment is obtained through accurate calculation, the ground state energy value of the whole molecular system can be calculated with high precision in combination with the chemical potential value subjected to iterative adjustment, and the expandability and accuracy of the calculation result are improved.

The application relates to the technical field of quantum computing and quantum chemistry cross, and particularly discloses a variational quantum eigen solution method, device, medium and equipment based on physical symmetry, which comprises the following steps: obtaining target system information, wherein the target system information comprises a Hamiltonian of a target system, the number of electrons, orbital energy distribution and symmetry; reducing the Hamiltonian based on the number of electrons and the orbital energy distribution, converting the reduced Hamiltonian from a fermion operator form into a Pauli operator form to obtain a Pauli Hamiltonian; determining a variational quantum circuit based on the symmetry; and solving the Pauli Hamiltonian based on the variational quantum circuit to obtain the ground state energy of the target system. The application solves the problem that the number of quantum computing bits is difficult to adapt to a large chemical system.

The invention provides an angle-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy detection system, which is used for analyzing a quantum material and comprises a light source, a vacuum chamber, a sample table, an electron energy analyzer, a source meter, a first working mode and a second working mode. Wherein the light source is used for providing photon excitation, and light irradiates a sample. The vacuum chamber is used for providing a vacuum environment. The sample table is arranged in the vacuum chamber and used for bearing a sample to be analyzed, and the sample table comprises a cryostat, a cold head, an insulating sheet, a copper block and a sample support from top to bottom. The electron energy analyzer is used for detecting the emitting angle of electrons in the inclination angle direction, the emitting angle of the electrons in the azimuth angle direction, kinetic energy and the corresponding number of the electrons after the sample is illuminated under bias voltage, and the electrons are emitted into the detection range of the electron energy analyzer. And on the basis of the analysis, the momentum in the x direction, the momentum in the y direction and the electron binding energy corresponding to electrons in the sample are analyzed.

The application discloses a laser containing a particle number inversion structure, which comprises, from bottom to top, a substrate, a lower limiting layer, a first lower waveguide layer, a second lower waveguide layer, an active layer, an upper waveguide layer and an upper limiting layer; the first lower waveguide layer and the second lower waveguide layer form a lower waveguide layer; the upper limiting layer, the upper waveguide layer, the active layer, the first lower waveguide layer and the second lower waveguide layer form a particle number inversion structure; in the particle number inversion structure, the upper waveguide layer steep Mg-doped concentration interface, the active layer steep Si-doped concentration interface, the lower waveguide layer steep Si-doped concentration interface, the upper waveguide layer steep Al content interface and the lower waveguide layer steep Al content interface jointly make the electron number of the active layer much larger than the hole number, thereby forming particle number inversion; with continuous input of an excitation source, hole radiation recombination is greater than loss, laser generation is accelerated, the threshold of the laser is reduced, and laser power and efficiency are improved.

The invention relates to a method for generating a star map of a high-dynamic star sensor after proton irradiation, which comprises the following steps of: converting an electron number into a gray value to obtain a proton radiation induced noise matrix, and combining simulation to obtain a gray value matrix of intrinsic dark current noise, photon shot noise and background noise; and adding with the proton radiation induced noise matrix to obtain a total noise gray value matrix, namely a background noise graph. A mathematical model of star point energy degradation under a high dynamic condition is utilized to obtain the gray level of each pixel when a star point centroid moves, a star point centroid track of the star sensor at a certain motion angular velocity is deduced, and the gray level value of the pixel in a star point energy influence range when the star sensor rotates is solved; and adding transient bright spots and star point image spot trailing extracted from the proton irradiation test acquisition image into the background noise map to obtain a high-dynamic star sensor star map after proton irradiation, and changing proton irradiation energy, fluence and star sensor rotation angular velocity to obtain a high-dynamic star sensor star map after proton irradiation. And obtaining a star map data set under different proton irradiation conditions and star sensor dynamic working conditions.

The problem to be solved by the present invention is to provide a reading method which eliminates the need for generating a reference current when detecting the number of electrons corresponding to the direction of spin of one electron, and which increases a signal amount and is robust against disturbance noise.　One preferred aspect of the present invention is a quantum bit array circuit comprising a quantum bit array unit and a sense amplifier unit. The quantum bit array unit includes a spin charge conversion part having a first quantum bit transistor and a second quantum bit transistor for reading a quantum bit state, and a third quantum bit transistor for supplying electrons to the first quantum bit transistor. The sense amplifier unit includes a first output transistor and a second output transistor for outputting current according to the number of electrons. The first quantum bit transistor and the second quantum bit transistor are connected via an electron movement pathway. The first quantum bit transistor and the second quantum bit transistor are electrically connected or capacitively coupled to the first output transistor and the second output transistor, respectively. A barrier transistor having a gate electrode for applying voltage for executing a Pauli spin blockade and voltage for executing a classical charge operation is provided between the first quantum bit transistor and the second quantum bit transistor.

A method of operating a particle beam system comprises positioning a sample at a given distance away from a lens focusing a particle beam; performing a measurement for each selected energization of a plurality of measurement energizations, wherein each measurement comprises recording a value derived from a reading of an electron detector, while the lens is energized with a selected measurement energization; and analyzing a dependency of the recorded values from the plurality of measurement energizations. Herein analyzing is based on a dependency of the number of electrons incident on the electron detector per unit time from the distance of the sample from the lens and from the energization of the lens.

The application discloses a method, device and computer readable storage medium for simulating electronic movement, obtaining the length of a wire to be simulated, determining the number of required electrons according to the length of the wire, determining the position of each electron on the wire according to the length of the wire, the number of the electrons and a preset electron spacing, simulating the movement of the electrons on the wire according to the position of each electron on the wire, and adjusting the number and position of the moving electrons on the wire in real time according to the length change of the wire. The method can dynamically simulate the movement of the electrons along an arbitrarily given wire path, realize dynamic control of the movement of the electrons, and efficiently and flexibly simulate the movement of the electrons on the wire.

The application provides a photon transport process analysis method and device for complex structure medium streamer simulation, electronic equipment and storage medium, belongs to the technical field of high-voltage streamer generation and simulation, and comprises the following steps: calculating the number of photons radiated by all profiled nodes in a simulation region; randomly calculating the absorption distance and direction of all photons, and determining a target absorption node; if the photons are not blocked by a solid medium, generating secondary electrons generated by photon-induced oxygen molecule ionization at the target absorption node; if the photons are blocked by the solid medium, performing photon and solid medium collision ionization process treatment, randomly generating secondary electrons generated by photon-induced solid medium ionization according to a secondary electron emission coefficient; obtaining the number of secondary electrons of all profiled nodes in the simulation region, and updating the number of electrons of all profiled nodes. The application can improve the accuracy of streamer development process simulation and realize the randomness of streamer development process simulation.

The invention provides a photon transmission process analysis method and device for complex structure medium stream simulation, electronic equipment and a storage medium, and belongs to the technical field of high-voltage stream generation and emulation.The photon transmission process analysis method comprises the steps that the number of photons radiated by all subdivision nodes in a simulation area is calculated; randomly calculating absorption distances and directions of all photons, and determining a target absorption node; if the photons are not blocked by the solid medium, the photons are generated at the target absorption node to induce secondary electrons generated by oxygen molecule ionization; if the photons are blocked by the solid medium, carrying out collision ionization process treatment on the photons and the solid medium, and randomly generating the photons according to a secondary electron emission coefficient to induce secondary electrons generated by ionization of the solid medium; and obtaining secondary electron numbers of all the subdivision nodes in the simulation area, and updating the electron numbers of all the subdivision nodes. According to the method and the device, the accuracy of streamer development process simulation can be improved, and the randomness of streamer development process simulation can be realized.

A kind of microwave component micro-discharge threshold determination method, comprising the following steps: (1) seed electron state initialization;(2) analysis microwave component internal electromagnetic field;(3) set time step, promote electron operation trajectory;(4) determine whether electron collides with microwave component surface, if not collide return (3);(5) calculate the energy, angle and electron and material interaction time of emitted secondary electron;(6) update electron state;(7) determine whether electron reaches the set simulation period;(8) according to the trend of electron number change with time determine whether micro-discharge occurs.The method more objectively and accurately characterizes the physical process of micro-discharge effect occurrence under high frequency, and can be used for the anti-micro-discharge design of high frequency microwave component.