The invention relates to a preparation method of a controllable yttrium silicate nano-rod. The preparation method comprises the following steps: respectively adding NaOH and analytically pure (NO3)3.6H2O and Na2SiO3.9H2O into distilled water, adjusting the pH to 4-13 and obtaining a solution A; adding the solution A into a hydro-thermal reaction kettle, sealing the hydro-thermal reaction kettle, placing the hydro-thermal reaction kettle into a temperature and pressure double-control microwave hydro-thermal reaction instrument, naturally cooling to room temperature after reaction, and obtaining a solution B; opening the hydro-thermal reaction kettle, collecting the product through filtering, washing the product by respectively adopting de-ionized water and absolute ethyl alcohol or isopropanol, drying the product in an electrothermal blowing dry box and obtaining a final product, i.e. yttrium silicate nano-powder. The invention adopts microwave hydro-thermal method to synthesize yttrium silicate nano-crystal, and then controls the yttrium silicate nano-structure through processes of anneal, and the like. The invention has the advantages of simple process preparation, convenient operation, easily obtained materials, low preparation cost, short reaction period, low temperature and good repetitiveness. The yttrium silicate nano-powder prepared by the method has narrow distribution of grain diameter, controllable crystal grain shape and higher purity.