The invention relates to a Black Locust particle/polyvinyl formal composite filler and a preparation method thereof, and belongs to the environmental engineering material field. The composite filler is obtained through compounding polyvinyl formal (PVFM) foam tissues as a matrix with a disperse phase; and the disperse phase comprises Black Locust particles having particle sizes of 60-120 meshes, and the Black Locust particles are obtained through peeling natural Black Locust particle branches, boiling in an alkali, and crushing. The preparation method of the composite filler comprises the following steps: dissolving polyvinyl alcohol in water, adding a surfactant and the Black Locust particles at 40-80DEG C, uniformly stirring, adding an acid for adjusting the pH value to 1-3, adding formaldehyde or paraformaldehyde, and carrying out high speed stirring while reacting for foaming the obtained system until the volume is not expanded; and dumping the obtained system to a foam die, and carrying out heat insulation curing at 50-65DEG C for 10-24h. The composite filler provided by the invention has the advantages of high biocompatibility, superior film hanging performance, and maintenance of many excellent characteristics of the PVFM, such as low density, high specific surface area, high poriness, good elasticity, wear resistance, corrosion resistance and the like.