The invention discloses an SERS (surface-enhanced Raman spectrum) detection method for narcotics in a urine sample. The method comprises steps as follows: synthesizing a sol ultrafine grained nano-material with SERS active noble metals; dropping the sol ultrafine grained nano-material onto a substrate, and obtaining an SERS base through drying; taking the urine sample, sequentially adding a reagent I, namely, an alkaline solution, and a reagent II, namely, solid salt, to the urine sample, adding a reagent III, namely, an organic solvent, after even mixing, and then performing vibrating extraction on the mixture; taking an organic-layer solution after centrifugation or filtration by the aid of an organic filtration membrane; dropping the organic-layer solution onto the SERS base, and performing SERS detection on the organic-layer solution by the aid of a Raman spectrometer. According to the method, the urine sample of a person is pretreated, and the common narcotics in the urine sample are quickly separated, purified and enriched, so that the detection time is shortened, only 3-5 min is taken for the whole detection, and the detection sensitivity and the detection efficiency can be improved.