37 results about "Superparamagnetism" patented technology

An object of the present application is to provide a magnetic particle including a secondary particle in which a plurality of primary particles are aggregated, each primary particle having a particle diameter deemed to exhibit superparamagnetism, and the secondary particle exhibiting a larger particle diameter. [Solution] This object is achieved by magnetic particles including secondary particles in which a plurality of primary particles are aggregated, in which the secondary particles have an average particle diameter of 500 nm or more and 5000 nm or less, and in which the plurality of primary particles have an average particle diameter of 2 nm or more and 20 nm or less.

The invention provides a magnetic nano material for enriching benzimidazole compounds and application of the magnetic nano material. The magnetic nano enrichment material comprises a core body, wherein the core body is composed of superparamagnetic ferroferric oxide; the shell covers at least part of the surface of the core body, and the shell is made of a covalent organic framework material formed by a repeating unit as shown in a formula I in the specification. The enrichment material has a porous and ordered crystal structure and a high specific surface area, and shows excellent adsorption performance, including high adsorption capacity, rapid adsorption kinetics, good selectivity and reusability. Therefore, the benzimidazole compound in a complex sample can be efficiently enriched and purified, and an effective means is provided for trace detection of the compound residues in a food matrix.

The invention discloses an acanthosphere-shaped multi-interface type metal oxide magnetic particle and a preparation method and application thereof.The magnetic particle comprises a core composed of magnetic nanoparticles and a shell layer composed of titanium oxide nanosheet spines arranged in a radial mode, and the magnetic particle has superparamagnetism, high specific surface area and rich active sites; and a large number of trap spaces matched with the exosome scale range, so that the method can be used for efficiently enriching and separating the exosome from the biological fluid. Meanwhile, the magnetic core has an out-phase junction composed of amorphous phase titanium oxide and anatase phase titanium oxide, a heterojunction interface composed of titanium oxide and the magnetic core and an ordered spine microstructure, the synergistic effect of the multi-interface effect and the point effect is fully exerted under laser irradiation, the excellent ultraviolet absorption capacity and electron-hole separation efficiency are shown, and the magnetic core has the good application prospect. The method is used for laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry, efficient in-situ pyrolysis of the exosome is achieved, desorption and ionization of metabolite in a lysis solution are promoted, and a high-resolution mass spectrum of the metabolite of the exosome is obtained.

Disclosed herein are methods and kits for purifying therapeutic-grade plasmid DNA using magnetic particles. In particular, the technology of the present disclosure relates to methods and kits for purifying therapeutic-grade plasmid DNA at a high degree of purity using magnetic particles with a siliceous oxide surface layer and a superparamagnetic core.

The invention relates to the technical field of semiconductor photocatalytic materials, in particular to a preparation method of a spherical Fe3O4 (at) ZnO nanosheet photocatalyst. According to the method, in an ethylene glycol solvent, Fe < 3 + > is used as an iron source, sodium acetate is used as a precipitator, PEG-1000 is used as a morphology guiding agent, and monodisperse spherical Fe3O4 is prepared through a hydrothermal method; then dispersing the spherical Fe3O4 into an aqueous solution containing PEG-20000 and PVP (Polyvinyl Pyrrolidone), and growing a ZnO nanosheet precursor on the surface of the spherical Fe3O4 through hydrothermal reaction again by taking zinc acetate as a zinc source and urea as a homogeneous precipitator; and finally performing high-temperature calcination to obtain a final product. Through the synergistic effect of the two-step hydrothermal method and the surfactant, tight heterojunction compounding of Fe3O4 and ZnO is realized, and the prepared catalyst has high specific surface area, rich active sites and superparamagnetism. The catalyst disclosed by the invention shows excellent photocatalytic degradation activity and cycling stability to organic pollutants under visible light, can be quickly separated and recycled by utilizing an external magnetic field, and has a wide application prospect in the field of wastewater treatment.

The invention discloses boron-rich magnetic nanoparticles and a preparation method and application thereof.The boron element content of the boron-rich magnetic nanoparticles is as high as 9-15 wt%, the boron-rich magnetic nanoparticles are prepared through a one-step solvothermal method, an iron oleate precursor, boric acid, phenyl ether and polyethylene glycol dicarboxylic acid are mixed, and then the mixture is subjected to a three-stage temperature programming reaction at the temperature of 90-120 DEG C, 180-220 DEG C and 250-270 DEG C to obtain the boron-rich magnetic nanoparticles; the prepared boron-rich nanoparticles are uniform in particle size and good in dispersity, have both high boron loading and superparamagnetism, and can significantly improve the tumor killing efficiency of BNCT and reduce the drug toxicity; the superparamagnetism can realize active targeting delivery guided by an external magnetic field, and the magnetic resonance imaging contrast agent can be used for avoiding the risk of magnetic agglomeration at the same time; fluorescence labeling and cell membrane or specific cell membrane protein modification are easily performed on the surfaces of the particles, so that the treatment effect is enhanced, and diagnosis and treatment integration guided by multi-modal imaging is realized; the boron-rich nanoparticles are simple and convenient in preparation process and easily available in raw materials, and have wide application prospects in tumor boron neutron capture therapy drugs.

The invention relates to Calpeptin magnetic nano drug-loaded particles of a targeted enrichment membrane layer and application, and belongs to the technical field of biological medicines. The invention designs a Calpeptin magnetic nano drug-loaded particle for targeting a middle membrane layer, the Calpeptin magnetic nano drug-loaded particle adopts a core-shell structure, a magnetic core is composed of superparamagnetic ferroferric oxide nano particles, and the core endows the material with response ability to an external magnetic field, so that the material can be used for preparing the drug-loaded particle. The polymer shell layer is formed by wrapping the surface of the magnetic core with polydopamine (PDA), and Calpeptin is covalently connected to a polydopamine shell. The Calpeptin magnetic nano drug-loaded particle disclosed by the invention solves the technical problem that a composite material cannot efficiently penetrate through an aorta wall and is specifically enriched in a middle membrane layer, so that a reliable directional intervention scheme with in-vivo experimental evidence support is provided for accurate treatment of TAAD.

The invention relates to the technical field of optical materials, in particular to magnetic photonic crystal pigment powder as well as a preparation method and application thereof. The magnetic photonic crystal pigment powder is prepared from the following raw materials in parts by weight: 1 to 15 parts of superparamagnetic ferroferric oxide, 50 to 70 parts of nano microspheres, 15 to 50 parts of acrylate reactants, 0.1 to 3 parts of a photoinitiator and 50 to 120 parts of a solvent, the superparamagnetic ferroferric oxide is magnetic ferroferric oxide of which the surface is modified by a nonionic surfactant. The preparation method comprises the following steps: synthesizing non-ionic surfactant modified ferroferric oxide nanoparticles by a coprecipitation method, dispersing the non-ionic surfactant modified ferroferric oxide nanoparticles in a photonic crystal coating liquid, and carrying out coating, normalizing, photocuring and crushing processes to prepare the colorful magnetic photonic crystal pigment powder, the preparation method of the pigment powder is simple, convenient, low in cost, green and environment-friendly, and the preparation method is suitable for industrial production. The anti-counterfeit label is expected to be widely applied to various application scenes such as decoration and anti-counterfeit labels.

The invention relates to a magnetic visible light driven photocatalyst composite particle as well as preparation and application thereof. The photocatalyst composite particles are of a core-shell structure, each photocatalyst composite particle comprises a superparamagnetic material nano-particle serving as a core, a non-magnetic middle protective layer wrapping the core and a shell layer loaded on the middle protective layer, the shell layer comprises a visible light driven photocatalyst material BiOBrxI1-x, and the visible light driven photocatalyst material BiOBrxI1-x is a visible light driven photocatalyst material BiOBrxI1-x. Wherein x is the weight ratio of bromine to the total amount of halogen bromine and iodine, and x ranges from 0 to 1. The photocatalyst composite particle can be used for treating water containing pollutants such as drugs and / or personal care products, and can be used for quickly and efficiently carrying out photocatalytic degradation on the pollutants under the driving of visible light; and moreover, the photocatalyst composite particles can be quickly and conveniently recycled from a water-containing medium through a magnetic separation technology so as to be recycled.

The invention discloses a nucleic acid aptamer composite material for enriching aflatoxin in food as well as a preparation method and application of the nucleic acid aptamer composite material. According to the composite material, a two-dimensional graphene oxide nanosheet modified by ferroferric oxide nanoparticles is used as a magnetic substrate, and the surface of the magnetic substrate is connected with a nucleic acid aptamer capable of specifically recognizing and combining aflatoxin through a covalent bond. By combining the high specific surface area and superparamagnetism of the magnetic substrate with the high specific affinity of the nucleic acid aptamer to aflatoxin, the technical problem of poor selectivity of a traditional adsorption material is solved. The composite material has high adsorption capacity and excellent selectivity on aflatoxin, and can be used for rapidly and efficiently enriching and purifying trace aflatoxin in complex matrix (such as milk, astragalus membranaceus and angelica sinensis) samples, so that the sensitivity and accuracy of subsequent instrument analysis are remarkably improved.

The invention discloses preparation and application of a protein composite imprinting material for targeted recognition of strigolactones. The method comprises the following steps: 1, fusing halogenated alkane dehalogenase into ShHTL7 for induced expression to obtain recombinant protein; 2, preparing nano magnetic ferroferric oxide hollow microspheres; 3, carrying out surface amination modification on the nano magnetic ferroferric oxide hollow microspheres; 4, functionalizing halogenated alkanoic acid on the surfaces of the nano magnetic ferroferric oxide hollow microspheres subjected to amination modification; and 5, preparing the strigolactones surface protein molecularly imprinted polymer. The protein composite imprinting material which is high in adsorption efficiency, high in adsorption selectivity and capable of being rapidly enriched is prepared, shows superparamagnetism, can be rapidly separated under the action of a magnet, shows ultrahigh targeted recognition capacity on strigolactones, can be used for targeted extraction of strigolactones in parasitic plant root exudates, and has a good application prospect. The materials are convenient and fast to recycle and can be repeatedly used.

The invention relates to a magnetic field sensor (15) for measuring a differential current, intended to withstand a magnetic field to be measured generated by the induction of a current flowing through at least two primary conductors, at least a portion of which extends according to an axis (Z), said current flowing through at least one primary conductor (4a) in a forward direction according to said axis (Z), and flows through at least one of the primary conductors (4b) in a reverse direction opposite to the forward direction. The sensor is characterized in that it comprises: an inner magnetic circuit (16) configured to form a closed profile around the primary conductor; an outer magnetic circuit (17) surrounding the inner magnetic circuit (16); at least one SPM superparamagnetic material coil (18) arranged between the inner magnetic circuit (16) and the outer magnetic circuit (17).

The invention discloses a multifunctional magnetic carbon quantum dot sensor, a preparation method and application, and aims to solve the technical problems of detection and synchronous separation and recovery of Al < 3 + > in a water body. The sensor is formed by carrying out electrostatic self-assembly loading on aminated ZnFe2O4 (at) SiO2 nanoparticles and carbon quantum dots with carboxyl and hydroxyl on the surfaces, and has a core-shell structure and superparamagnetism. The preparation process comprises three steps of carbon quantum dot hydrothermal synthesis, ZnFe2O4 coated SiO2 nanoparticle coating and amino modification, and electrostatic self-assembly compounding, and the process is simple and easy to control. The sensor has specific recognition capability on Al, is excellent in anti-interference performance, can realize rapid magnetic separation by virtue of self magnetism, does not need centrifugation or filtration assistance, can be recycled after elution, and can avoid secondary pollution. Detection and adsorption separation of Al < 3 + > are synchronously achieved, the green chemistry concept is met, and the method has important application value in the fields of wastewater treatment and aluminum resource recovery.

The invention relates to the technical field of coal mine wastewater treatment, in particular to a photocatalyst for open pit coal mine drainage water treatment and a preparation method thereof.The preparation method comprises the steps that bivalent iron salt and trivalent iron salt are dissolved in deoxidized deionized water, a mixed salt solution is obtained, under inert gas and mechanical stirring, the mixed salt solution is dropwise added into an excessive ammonia water solution, stirring is conducted, and the photocatalyst is obtained; carrying out precipitation reaction to obtain superparamagnetic Fe3O4 nano powder; the preparation method comprises the following steps: dispersing superparamagnetic Fe3O4 nano powder into a mixed solvent of absolute ethyl alcohol and water to obtain a magnetic fluid, slowly dropwise adding tetraethoxysilane and ammonia water into the magnetic fluid under mechanical stirring and ultrasonic treatment, and carrying out catalytic hydrolysis reaction to obtain Fe3O4 coated SiO2 microspheres; slowly dropwise adding a suspension of a titanium source into the suspension of the Fe3O4 (at) SiO2 microspheres under vigorous stirring to obtain a mixed suspension, and performing hydrothermal crystallization on the mixed suspension to obtain Fe3O4 (at) SiO2 (at) N-TiO2 microspheres; and under stirring, sequentially dropwise adding a dilute nitric acid solution of bismuth salt and an aqueous solution of a bromine source into the suspension of the Fe3O4 (at) SiO2 (at) N-TiO2 microspheres, and carrying out an in-situ reaction to obtain the Fe3O4 (at) SiO2 (at) N-TiO2 / BiOBr photocatalyst.

This invention relates to the fields of oral medicine and nanomaterials, and particularly to a magneto-optical dual-response material, its preparation method, and its applications. The magneto-optical dual-response material comprises a magnetic response core, a biomimetic mineralization layer modified on the surface of the magnetic response core, and a photoresponsive outer layer modified on the surface of the biomimetic mineralization layer. The magnetic response core comprises superparamagnetic magnetite dendrites; the biomimetic mineralization layer comprises a hydroxyapatite nanocrystal array; and the photoresponsive outer layer comprises nanoenzymes. The magneto-optical dual-response material provided by this invention integrates magnetic targeting and mechanical removal of biofilms, near-infrared light synergistic sterilization, and biomimetic remineralization functions, aiming to overcome the passivity and limitations of existing technologies and achieve proactive, precise, and integrated prevention and treatment of early pit and fissure caries.

The application discloses an oxygen-enhanced pH-responsive magnetic targeting photosensitizer delivery system, which is recorded as Fe3O4@mSiO2@MnO2@PS@PEG-b-PAsp, and the delivery system takes the superparamagnetic Fe3O4 core as a magnetic targeting matrix, is covered with mesoporous silica outside, and is crosslinked with polyethylene glycol-polyaspartic acid after being modified by amino on the surface of the mesoporous silica, so that the loading of the photosensitizer is realized. The oxygen-enhanced pH-responsive magnetic targeting photosensitizer delivery system provided by the application realizes the magnetic targeting property and the pH responsiveness, and realizes the effect of increasing the concentration of intracellular reactive oxygen species.

The invention discloses a two-dimensional multiferroic material with multiple polarization states and a preparation method thereof. According to the two-dimensional multiferroic material, magnetic elements are introduced into a two-dimensional ferroelectric material CuInP2S6 with an intrinsic sextuple polarization state, so that the two-dimensional multiferroic material has superparamagnetism while keeping the sextuple polarization state. The two-dimensional multiferroic material has potential application value in high-density data storage and multifunctional transistors.

The application discloses a kind of optical fiber magnetic sensor based on magnetic hydrogel, comprising: first transmission section, with the first transmission section integral type communication first tapered optical fiber transition section, with the first tapered optical fiber transition section integral type communication tapered optical fiber waist area, with the tapered optical fiber waist area integral type communication second tapered optical fiber transition section and with the second tapered optical fiber transition section integral type communication second transmission section, one end of first transmission section is connected with broadband light source, and second transmission section is connected with spectrometer;Tapered optical fiber waist area is coated with capillary tube, and the capillary tube is covered in first tapered optical fiber transition section and second tapered optical fiber transition section;Capillary tube is filled with magnetic hydrogel.According to the application, it has the same superparamagnetic as magnetic fluid Magnetic nano-particle and responds well to external magnetic field, improve sensitivity.

The invention provides a phenylboronic acid magnetic sphere kit for multi-cancer exosome enrichment and a preparation method thereof, and relates to the technical field of kits.According to the kit, phenylboronic acid functionalized agarose microspheres serve as magnetic spheres, exosomes are captured under the alkaline condition by means of the reversible binding characteristic of phenylboronic acid and a glycoprotein cis-diol structure on the surface of the exosomes, and then the exosomes are obtained. And releasing the exosome under an acidic condition. The magnetic sphere has high adsorption capacity, excellent specificity, superparamagnetism, good suspension property and cyclic regeneration capacity, and is simple, convenient and rapid to operate.

The application relates to the technical field of food detection, in particular to a special medical food vitamin B12 enrichment and detection material and method based on magnetic molecular imprinting. The material is a magnetic molecular imprinting polymer (MMIPs), which takes Fe3O4 as a magnetic core, is coated with a SiO2 layer and a KH570 coupling agent in sequence, and is coupled with a vitamin B12 imprinting polymer layer through surface molecular imprinting technology. The imprinting polymer layer is polymerized from a template molecule vitamin B12 (CNcbl), a functional monomer methacrylic acid (MAA) and a crosslinking agent trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate (TRIM). The material of the application realizes specific recognition through molecular imprinting technology, and simplifies a separation step by using superparamagnetism, so that the cost is significantly reduced and the efficiency is improved.

The invention belongs to the technical field of magnetic materials, and relates to magnetic bio-ink based on a hyaluronic acid group and a gelatin group as well as a preparation method and application of the magnetic bio-ink. According to the invention, methylacryloylated hyaluronic acid and methylacryloylated gelatin are taken as matrixes, and tannic acid modified ferroferric oxide nanoparticles are introduced, so that the dual-network magnetic hydrogel bio-ink with interaction of photo-crosslinking and hydrogen bonds is constructed. The ink is formed through an extrusion type biological 3D printing technology, forms a porous scaffold through photo-initiation crosslinking, and loads human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells. Benefited from the introduction of the tannic acid modified ferroferric oxide nanoparticles, the stent has excellent oxidation resistance, mechanical enhancement effect and superparamagnetism, and can significantly promote the adhesion and proliferation of stem cells and cartilage differentiation under the regulation of an external magnetic field.

The invention discloses a temperature-sensitive magnetic bead, a preparation method thereof and related application of the temperature-sensitive magnetic bead in early cancer screening, and the temperature-sensitive magnetic bead is prepared by taking an unsaturated superparamagnetic bead with vinyl on the surface as a matrix through an in-situ free radical polymerization mode. N-isopropylacrylamide, acrylamide and oligomeric (ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate are initiated to be copolymerized on the surfaces of the magnetic beads to form a temperature-sensitive polymer brush layer with an adjustable low critical solution temperature (LCST). The temperature-sensitive magnetic beads are in a hydrophobic collapsing state under the condition of 37-39 DEG C, are maintained in a viscoelastic fluid state beneficial to dynamic replacement of low-abundance proteins, and can efficiently adsorb the low-abundance proteins in plasma; the temperature-sensitive magnetic beads are rapidly converted into a hydrophilic stretching state at the temperature lower than 36 DEG C, and the multi-point interaction between the proteins and the temperature-sensitive magnetic beads is synchronously weakened by utilizing micromechanical ejection force generated by phase change, so that the proteins are completely eluted from the surfaces of the magnetic beads.

The application provides a preparation method of a superparamagnetic demulsifier with high dewatering performance, and belongs to the technical field of oil-water emulsion demulsification.The preparation method of the superparamagnetic demulsifier with high dewatering performance comprises the following steps: (1) preparing Fe3O4@SiO2 microspheres; (2) preparing Fe3O4@SiO2-KH550 microspheres; (3) dissolving the dried Fe3O4@SiO2-KH550 microspheres in methanol, adding hyperbranched polyamide, stirring, cooling, and magnetically separating to obtain the superparamagnetic demulsifier.The obtained superparamagnetic demulsifier can completely remove water (99%) in a heavy oil-water emulsion system in a short time (90s) at room temperature under the auxiliary action of an external magnetic field, has good dewatering effect, and the removed water is clear, and the effect is significantly better than that of an existing superparamagnetic demulsifier.

The invention belongs to the technical field of electroplating solution purification, and relates to a preparation method of a magnetic cadmium ion imprinted polymer, a product and application of the magnetic cadmium ion imprinted polymer. Carrying out surface amination modification on the magnetic particles by using a silane coupling agent; the preparation method comprises the following steps: by taking cadmium ions as a template, through reaction of polyethyleneimine and glutamic acid in the presence of a cross-linking agent, constructing an imprinted polymer layer on the surfaces of aminated and modified magnetic particles; and eluting the template cadmium ions to obtain the magnetic cadmium ion imprinted polymer. The magnetic cadmium ion imprinted polymer adopts a core-shell structure: superparamagnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles are taken as a core, after silanization modification, cadmium ions are taken as a template, and an imprinted layer with a specific recognition hole is constructed by virtue of a cross-linking reaction of polyethyleneimine and glutamic acid, so that heavy metal impurity ions in an electroplating solution can be adsorbed in a high-selectivity manner; the adsorption of main salt cadmium ions is extremely low, and the problems that a traditional purification method is poor in selectivity and large in main salt loss in the presence of strong complexing agents such as EDTA are solved.

The invention discloses a blasting effect experiment device and method based on acousto-optic vibration electromagnetic joint interpretation. The experiment device comprises an experiment module, a physical model and an observation system. The physical model is arranged on the base in the experiment cabin, the physical model is made of a transparent composite material, a charging hole is reserved in the middle of the physical model and used for simulating rock blasting, and superparamagnetic particles are uniformly doped in the transparent composite material; the surface of the physical model is also provided with a piezoelectric sensor array and a plurality of acoustic emission sensors which are respectively used for detecting piezoelectric signals and acoustic emission signals generated by the blasting experiment; a magnetoresistive sensor array is further arranged on the inner wall of the experiment module and used for collecting magnetoresistive signals generated by a blasting experiment; the base of the physical model is further provided with an accelerometer used for collecting acceleration signals of overall vibration of the physical model. And the observation system comprises double lasers, double cameras and matched light path structures which are arranged outside the experiment module.

The invention discloses a pH-responsive boric acid functionalized magnetic polyurea microsphere material as well as a preparation method and application thereof, and belongs to the technical field of magnetic microspheres. According to the scheme, a magnetic core Fe3O4, N-hydroxysuccinimide, a diamine compound and 1, 4-phenylene diisocyanate are subjected to a reaction to obtain an NHS functionalized magnetic material, and then the NHS functionalized magnetic material and 3-aminophenylboronic acid are subjected to a reaction to obtain the pH-responsive boric acid functionalized magnetic polyurea microsphere material. According to the preparation method, an efficient modification strategy of N-hydroxysuccinimide activated ester is combined with the magnetic polyurea microspheres, and the magnetic polyurea microspheres are used for constructing an intelligent separation material with high boric acid density, superparamagnetism and excellent pH response release characteristics. The NHS activated ester can be efficiently and mildly reacted with amino functional groups, a reliable way is provided for high-density and directional fixation of boric acid molecules, and the adsorption capacity and selectivity of the material to a target compound are expected to be remarkably improved.

The application provides a magnetic QuEChERS purifier and application thereof in pollutant detection, and the purifier is a MIL-88A derived carbon material which is prepared by high-temperature carbonization of a MIL-88A precursor, has a large specific surface area, rich pores, various surface functional groups and superparamagnetism, is used in the purification step of QuEChERS pretreatment, can efficiently adsorb and remove humic acid and other matrix interference substances in soil / sediment extract, has weak adsorption to target pollutants BPs, and can realize rapid separation in combination with an external magnetic field. The detection method established based on this has the advantages of low matrix effect, high recovery rate, simple and fast operation, and improves the accuracy and reliability of pollutant detection in soil / sediment.

The invention relates to the technical field of magnetic materials, in particular to a superparamagnetic lipidated magnetic composite material and a preparation method thereof. The preparation method comprises the following steps: S1, preparing raw materials of a thickening agent, wherein the raw materials of the thickening agent comprise a magnetic thickening agent precursor and a lithium hydroxide aqueous solution; the magnetic thickening agent precursor comprises a Fe3O4 core, and at least part of the surface of the Fe3O4 core is coated with double-layer fatty acid; the fatty acid comprises stearic acid and / or 12-hydroxystearic acid; and S2, adding a thickening agent raw material into the magnetic fluid, carrying out saponification reaction, heating for dehydration, cooling and grinding to obtain the superparamagnetic lipidated magnetic composite material. The magnetic lipidated composite material prepared by the method has superparamagnetism and has an internal and external double-magnetic core structure, an internal skeleton is a magnetic saponified fiber skeleton, and an external part is a magnetic lubricating grease medium, so that the magnetic sinking resistance of the superparamagnetic lipidated magnetic composite material can be effectively improved, and the defects of a traditional magnetic lipidated material are overcome.