The invention discloses a low-carbon treatment system and method for high-concentration organic wastewater. The low-carbon treatment system comprises an adjusting tank, an inner pipe of an energy exchange system I, an inner pipe of an energy exchange system II, an inner pipe of an energy exchange system III, a hydrothermal oxidation system, a gas-liquid separation device, an outer pipe of the energy exchange system II, a sludge filter pressing device, an anaerobic reaction system, an aerobic reaction system and a wetland treatment system which are sequentially connected through a liquid pipeline, and finally, discharging to outside is achieved. The gas pipeline is sequentially connected with the hydrothermal oxidation system, the gas-liquid separation device, an outer pipe of the energy exchange system I and an alkaline ionic liquid carbon absorption system, and finally, the discharging to outside is achieved. The gas generated by the anaerobic reaction system is sequentially connected with the biogas purification device, the biogas incinerator and the alkaline ionic liquid absorption system through pipelines, and finally, the discharging to outside is achieved. The sludge generated by the aerobic reaction system flows back to the adjusting tank through a pumping pipeline; and the heat conduction oil circulates between the biogas incinerator and the outer pipe of the energy exchange system III through the pipeline.