40results about How to "Improve the first effect" patented technology

The application relates to the technical field of batteries, in particular to a hard carbon negative electrode material and a preparation method and application thereof. A preparation method of a negative electrode hard carbon material comprises the following steps: carrying out first heat treatment on a mixture of an organic metal catalyst and biomass activated carbon, introducing a gas-phase carbon source and carrying out second heat treatment to obtain first material, and carrying out carbonization treatment and acid pickling treatment on the first material. The method can improve the capacity and initial efficiency of the hard carbon negative electrode material through cooperation of various steps; the method is simple in process and easy to realize large-scale production.

This invention discloses a process for utilizing silica suboxide micropowder, its products, and applications. The process includes: (1) mixing silica suboxide micropowder, carbon nanotubes, a dispersant, and a solvent to obtain a raw material dispersion, stirring until uniform, then mechanically ball-milling the dispersion, and finally drying it to obtain a silica suboxide / carbon nanotube composite; (2) shaping the silica suboxide / carbon nanotube composite prepared in step (1) to obtain a silicon-based material / carbon nanotube agglomerate; and (3) carbon-coating the silicon-based material / carbon nanotube agglomerate prepared in step (2) to obtain a silicon-carbon composite material. The utilization process disclosed in this invention not only fully utilizes the micropowder resources, but also enables batteries assembled from silicon-carbon composite materials prepared using silica suboxide as raw materials to possess high initial efficiency, high reversible specific capacity, and excellent cycle stability, thus solving a series of problems existing in the direct use of silica suboxide micropowder in batteries.

This application discloses a hollow cage-like silicon-carbon composite anode material and its preparation method. The hollow cage-like silicon-carbon composite anode material has an internally hollow cage-like structure. The cage-like structure is formed by the self-assembly of a 3D network structure, which includes a framework and multiple carbon spheres. The framework includes silicon material, specifically one-dimensional linear silicon material, and the multiple carbon spheres are attached to the silicon material. Compared to existing porous carbon frameworks, the hollow cage-like silicon-carbon composite anode material disclosed in this application not only has higher capacity and conductivity but also possesses the flexibility lacking in porous carbon. When other anode materials, especially silicon-based anode materials, are loaded into the hollow structure, the cage-like structure can provide more expansion space for the internal anode material, thereby more effectively improving the cycle stability of the anode material.

A method for preparing sodium-ion battery anode materials based on MDF waste belongs to the interdisciplinary technical field of carbon materials and sodium battery energy materials. Using scraps or recycled waste MDF as a matrix, the material undergoes coarse crushing, dry activation and mixing, and temperature-controlled carbonization to obtain porous hard carbon, which, after sieving, is used as the anode material for sodium-ion batteries. By employing a multi-stage temperature-controlled process combined with mild activators, precise control of the hard carbon structure is achieved, improving the material's electrochemical performance. The prepared sodium-ion battery anode material exhibits a high reversible charge-discharge capacity (up to 311 mAh / g) and good cycle performance.

This invention provides a coal-based hard carbon anode material, its preparation method, and its applications. The preparation method includes the following steps: introducing industrial waste gas into raw coal, sequentially performing pre-carbonization and pore-forming, followed by high-temperature carbonization to obtain the coal-based hard carbon anode material. The preparation method provided by this invention uses extremely low-cost industrial waste gas to perform pore-forming treatment on the raw coal material, greatly reducing the preparation cost, and the resulting coal-based hard carbon anode material has high capacity and excellent performance.

The application provides a pickling purification method of porous carbon for silicon-carbon negative electrode materials and a product thereof, and belongs to the technical field of battery material preparation. The method overcomes the defects of poor purity and long process flow of the existing pickling method. The production method comprises the following steps: crushing carbonization raw materials to 20-50 meshes, and then performing physical activation. The method further comprises the steps of "blowing and stirring cleaning" and "belt rinsing while simultaneously performing vacuum exhaust and controlling the water content to be 60%". The porous carbon is deeply and efficiently purified, so that the iron content and ash content of the porous carbon are reduced to a very low level (Fe<30ppm, ash content<0.2%), and the high-pore structure (iodine value≥1600mg / g) of the porous carbon is maintained. The unique blowing and stirring method has smaller shearing force on the carbon skeleton, and better protects the microstructure of the porous carbon. The belt rinsing is continuously operated, and has high automation degree, and is suitable for large-scale industrial production. The porous carbon product prepared by the method has very high purity and high specific surface area, and meets the needs of high-end lithium ion batteries.

This application relates to the technical field of lithium-ion battery materials, specifically disclosing a high-efficiency silicon-oxygen composite anode material, its preparation method, and its application. The preparation method of this anode material includes the following steps: mixing a siloxane with a fatty acid at a mass ratio of 1:(5~35), and ball milling under inert gas protection to obtain a pre-coated mixture; heating the pre-coated mixture to 50~1500℃ under an inert atmosphere and holding for 1~20h to obtain a carbon-coated silicon-oxygen material; immersing the carbon-coated silicon-oxygen material in a lithium-rich organic composite solution, holding at -5~25℃ under inert gas protection for 5~180 minutes, and drying to obtain a pre-lithiation product; mixing the pre-lithiation product with a nitride at a mass ratio of 1:(0.1~5), and ball milling under inert gas protection to obtain the high-efficiency silicon-oxygen composite anode material. This application can synergistically improve the stability and initial efficiency of the silicon-oxygen composite anode material.

The invention relates to the technical field of batteries, in particular to porous carbon. The invention provides porous carbon, the porous carbon comprises micropores, the percentage of the pore volume of the micropores in the total pore volume is greater than or equal to 85%, and in a pore distribution curve with the abscissa being the pore diameter and the ordinate being the differential pore volume dV / dW obtained by a nitrogen adsorption method test, the differential pore volume dV / dW of the porous carbon is greater than 0.05 cm < 3 >. G <-1 >. Nm <-1 > within the pore diameter range of 1-2nm. The porous carbon has proper microporosity and pore size distribution in Koelreuteria-shaped distribution, can effectively improve the silicon loading efficiency, reserves a part of space for volume enlargement caused by silicon expansion in the nanometer silicon circulation process, has the effect of relieving volume expansion when lithium is embedded into silicon, can reduce the volume expansion rate of the silicon-based negative electrode material, and improves the silicon-based negative electrode material performance. The cycling stability of the battery is improved.

The invention discloses a bamboo-based derived nitrogen-doped hard carbon negative electrode material and a preparation method and application thereof.The preparation method creatively utilizes the characteristic that bamboo wood is rich in natural phenolic hydroxyl groups and comprises the steps that bamboo powder and an aldehyde group compound are subjected to in-situ phenol-aldehyde polycondensation under the alkaline condition, and a cross-linked network precursor is constructed; then adjusting the pH to weak acidity, and carrying out in-situ amination doping with a nitrogen-containing compound; and finally, carbonizing to obtain the nitrogen-doped hard carbon material. According to the method, structural reconstruction and uniform nitrogen doping of the bamboo-based precursor are synchronously realized through two-step continuous molecular-level reaction of'alkaline polycondensation-acidic amination '. When the obtained material is used as a sodium ion battery negative electrode, high reversible specific capacity (greater than 304 mAh / g), high first coulombic efficiency (greater than 92%) and excellent cycling stability (300-week capacity retention rate at 0.5 C is greater than 92%) are shown. The method is simple in process, green, low in cost and suitable for large-scale production.

The application discloses a lithium-rich manganese-based precursor and a preparation method and application thereof. The lithium-rich manganese-based precursor is an element-doped nickel-cobalt-manganese hydroxide, and the doped elements in the lithium-rich manganese-based precursor include Zr and W. The application co-dopes the nickel-cobalt-manganese hydroxide with zirconium and tungsten, which is helpful to improve the electrochemical performance of the material, especially the cycle performance and the initial efficiency.

A high-capacity, dense anode material and its preparation method are disclosed. The preparation includes: mixing graphite micropowder with a first forming agent, such as asphalt, and a second additive, such as ammonium dihydrogen carbonate, to form a mixture; pressing the mixture into a blank; heat-treating the blank under a protective atmosphere to form a sinter; pulverizing the sinter into powder; mixing the powder with a third coating agent, such as phenolic resin, to form a homogenized material; and carbonizing the homogenized material to form, for example, a lithium-ion battery anode material. The anode material prepared by this invention can effectively shorten the migration distance during lithium-ion diffusion, greatly improve the rate performance of the material, effectively reduce defects on the surface and in the bulk of the graphite anode, ensure the formation of a smooth and stable specific surface area, further ensure the stable formation of the SEI film and structural stability during cycling, and effectively guarantee the material's high initial efficiency, high capacity, and long cycle performance.

The invention discloses a graphite material and a preparation method thereof, an electrochemical device and electronic equipment, and the graphite material meets the following conditions: (a) S is more than or equal to 8 and less than or equal to 13, and S is a structural stability parameter; (b) 1.1 < = L < = 1.8, L being a secondary particle coefficient; (c) 1.0 < = d < = 1.2, d being the particle size distribution width. The graphite material has dynamic performance and wide temperature range adaptability.

The present application relates to a new type of negative electrode material for lithium ion batteries, and particularly relates to a boron-doped porous carbon gas-phase silicon-carbon composite negative electrode material and a preparation method thereof. The boron-doped porous carbon gas-phase silicon-carbon composite negative electrode material is prepared by mixing a resin with a template agent, doping a boron source, adding a spheroidizing agent and an initiator for spheroidization polymerization, removing impurities and drying, and then performing gas-phase etching to form pores. Silicon is deposited in the pores of the porous carbon and a carbon layer is deposited on the surface of the silicon-carbon precursor by twice chemical vapor deposition, so as to obtain the boron-doped porous carbon gas-phase silicon-carbon composite negative electrode material. The boron element is doped to optimize the electronic conductivity, the spheroidized porous carbon structure is improved to improve the lithium ion transmission channel and enhance the substrate stiffness, and the material has excellent performance of high rate, low expansion and long cycle, so as to solve the problems of insufficient rate performance, low substrate strength and blocked lithium ion transmission of the existing gas-phase silicon-carbon composite negative electrode material in the prior art.

The invention relates to the technical field of high-capacity lithium supplement of lithium ion batteries, in particular to a gradient coating and conductive bridging synergistic composite lithium supplement agent and a preparation method thereof. Aiming at the problem that the improvement thought of the existing lithium supplement agent is difficult to consider structural stability, efficient transmission and interface compatibility, the invention provides the following technical scheme: the lithium supplement agent comprises an inner core, a middle layer, a buffer layer and a chemical bridging conductive network which are sequentially arranged from inside to outside; the inner core is a metal oxide with high lithium content, and the middle layer is of a gradient structure; the buffer layer is made of flexible lithiated polymer gel; and the chemical bridging conductive network is formed by chemically bonding an aminated carbon material and the buffer layer through an amidation reaction. Through collaborative design of gradient coating, the doped transition layer and the chemical bridging conductive network, inner core volume expansion is adapted, ion and electron transmission is enhanced, interface impedance is reduced, interface optimization from the structure to transmission is achieved, and the first effect and the cycling stability of the battery are improved.

The invention discloses a lithium-rich manganese-based positive electrode material compositely coated with an alpha-ZrP-conducting polymer, a preparation method of the lithium-rich manganese-based positive electrode material and application of a solid-state battery. According to the material, a bulk phase modified lithium-rich manganese-based material is used as a core, and a composite coating layer composed of a delaminated alpha-ZrP nanosheet and a conductive polymer is constructed on the surface of the lithium-rich manganese-based material. The composite coating layer can realize internal proton self-exchange response with the conductive polymer based on the solid acid characteristic of alpha-ZrP, and an overpass type rapid ion-electron dual-transmission channel is formed in the material body. Meanwhile, the coating layer is used as a compact physical and chemical barrier, and harmful side reactions between the positive electrode and the solid electrolyte are effectively blocked. When the prepared positive electrode material is applied to a solid-state battery, high first-circle coulombic efficiency and excellent cycling stability and rate capability are shown, and the two core problems of unstable interface and slow dynamics of a lithium-rich manganese-based material in the solid-state battery are effectively solved.

The invention discloses a graphite material and a preparation method thereof, an electrochemical device and electronic equipment. The graphite material meets the following conditions: La is less than or equal to 72 nm, and Lc is less than or equal to 15 nm; wherein La is a lattice constant of a graphite crystal in the graphite material on a 110 plane, and Lc is a lattice constant of the graphite crystal in the graphite material on a 002 plane; f is greater than or equal to 15 mN, and F is particle crushing force. An electrochemical device (especially a lithium ion battery) containing the composite material can ensure excellent first effect and fast charge performance, and also has excellent self-discharge performance, capacity performance and cycle performance.

The invention discloses a lithium ion battery high-entropy alloy modified silicon-oxygen-carbon composite material as well as a preparation method and application thereof. The innermost layer of the composite material is a multiphase inorganic-organic SiOC material, the middle layer of the composite material is SiOC loaded with a high-entropy alloy, the composite material has a micro-mesoporous structure from inside to outside, and the outermost layer of the composite material is a high-conductivity carbon tube. The composite material prepared by the invention takes an interface as a starting point and takes layer-by-layer superposition as a path to finally generate a shell with a complete structure. By forming a high-entropy alloy modified coating layer which is internally and externally communicated on the surface of SiOC, the ion and electron conductivity can be remarkably improved, more lithium storage active points are provided, heteroatom-doped high-conductivity carbon tubes grow on the catalytic surface, the impedance of the material in the charge-discharge process is reduced, and the cycle rate performance of the material is improved.

The application relates to the technical field of batteries, in particular to a negative electrode material, a preparation method thereof and a battery. The negative electrode material comprises a substrate and a carbon coating layer coated on at least part of the surface of the substrate; wherein the substrate comprises hard carbon, the hard carbon is a biomass-based hard carbon material, and the hard carbon contains C elements and O elements, and the atomic ratio of O and C satisfies O:C=1:20-1:10. The preparation method of the negative electrode material comprises the following steps: soaking pretreated biomass material in a chloride solution, sintering to obtain a hard carbon precursor; mixing the hard carbon precursor with an acid solution, adding peroxodisulfate, and after mixing, separating and drying, obtaining a hard carbon material containing an epoxy group; performing carbon coating treatment on the hard carbon material containing the epoxy group to form a carbon coating layer on at least part of the surface of the hard carbon, and obtaining the negative electrode material. The application can improve the capacity and kinetic performance of the negative electrode material, and improve the capacity, initial efficiency and cycle performance of the battery.

This application provides a compound of formula (I), including an electrolyte additive of the compound, an electrolyte including the electrolyte additive, and a battery including the electrolyte. The compound provided in this application introduces a silicon-based structure on a calix[4] aromatic structure, which, by virtue of its amphiphilic properties, quickly achieves compatibility with the electrode-electrolyte interface, balances various internal characteristics of the battery cell, amplifies the dehydration and deacidification effects, promotes the stability of its CEI / SEI properties, and stabilizes the positive electrode material structure, thereby reducing and stabilizing the internal impedance changes of the battery cell and improving the battery cell performance. Experimental results show that, after the compound provided in this application is added to the electrolyte, compared with calix[4] aromatics and silicon-based compounds as additives, it improves the initial efficiency of the battery, significantly reduces the SEI interface resistance, and improves the rate retention rate.

The invention discloses a graphite negative electrode material and a preparation method and application thereof, and belongs to the technical field of battery materials. The graphite negative electrode material comprises a plurality of composite particles, wherein each composite particle comprises a graphite matrix, and a conductive carbon layer and a functional oxide layer which are arranged on the surface of the graphite matrix from inside to outside; a-O-X-chemical bond exists between the graphite substrate and the conductive carbon layer, and X comprises at least one of Co, Zn and Ni; a C-O-Y chemical bond is arranged between the functional oxide layer and the conductive carbon layer, and Y comprises at least one of Ti, Al, Si and P. The preparation method comprises the following steps: generating the hydroxyl active layer on the surface of the graphite substrate; and then loading a composite catalyst, coating a conductive polymer material, synthesizing a functional oxide layer and carbonizing. The graphite substrate and the conductive carbon layer as well as the conductive carbon layer and the functional oxide layer are stably combined through chemical bonds, so that the coating effect of the coating layer is improved, and the electrochemical performance of a downstream battery product is favorably improved.

This invention provides a silicon-carbon composite material and its preparation method, a negative electrode sheet, a secondary battery, and electrical equipment. The silicon-carbon composite material includes a silicon-carbon matrix and an amorphous carbon layer present on the surface of the silicon-carbon matrix. The silicon-carbon matrix includes a porous carbon matrix and silicon-based material particles dispersed on the porous carbon matrix. The porous carbon matrix includes carbon materials with a layered structure. The silicon-carbon composite material provided by this invention includes a silicon-carbon matrix and an amorphous carbon layer. The porous carbon matrix in the silicon-carbon matrix has a layered structure, and the silicon-based material particles are dispersed between the layers of the porous carbon matrix. This suppresses the expansion of silicon during charging and discharging, improves the structural stability of the silicon-carbon composite material, and thus improves the cycle life and initial efficiency of the secondary battery.

The application relates to the technical field of lithium ion batteries, in particular to a high-entropy high-nickel cobalt-free precursor, a high-entropy high-nickel cobalt-free single-crystal positive electrode material and a preparation method thereof and a lithium ion battery. The high-entropy high-nickel cobalt-free precursor comprises a core layer and a high-entropy doped shell layer coated on at least part of the surface of the core layer; the core layer comprises a first nickel-manganese hydroxide; the high-entropy doped shell layer comprises a high-entropy doped second nickel-manganese hydroxide; and the doped elements in the high-entropy doped second nickel-manganese hydroxide include titanium, magnesium, aluminum, zirconium and molybdenum. The high-entropy high-nickel cobalt-free precursor provided by the application is coated with a high-entropy doped shell layer containing titanium, magnesium, aluminum, zirconium and molybdenum on the surface of the core layer containing the first nickel-manganese hydroxide, which is beneficial to reducing the exposure degree of {010} active crystal faces in the precursor, promoting the preferred growth of the positive electrode material along the (003) plane, and further improving the electrochemical performance and cycle stability of the high-entropy high-nickel cobalt-free single-crystal positive electrode material.

The invention belongs to the technical field of sodium-ion battery positive electrode materials, and particularly provides a negative-electrode-free sodium-ion battery positive electrode material and a synthesis method and application thereof, and the negative-electrode-free sodium-ion battery positive electrode material is of a core-shell structure with NaNi < x > Fe < y > Mn < z > M < 1-x-y-z > O as a core and Na < alpha > Mn < beta > O < gamma > F < 2-gamma > as a shell; m is selected from one or more of Sn, Pb, In, Bi, Sb, Zn and Au; wherein 0 < = x < = 1, 0 < = y < = 1, 0 < = z < = 1, x + y + z < 1, alpha > = 1.1, beta > = 1, and gamma > = 0. The positive electrode material prepared by the invention has the advantages of high capacity retention ratio and good cycling stability.

The invention relates to the field of negative electrode materials, in particular to a preparation method of an artificial graphite negative electrode material, which comprises the following steps: preparation of a boron nitride precursor: mixing boric acid and a nitrogen source and then adding into a solvent to form a complex; and heating the complex to evaporate the solvent to obtain the boron nitride precursor, first coating: mixing graphitized coke with the boron nitride precursor according to a mass ratio of 100: (1-10) to obtain a first mixture; calcining the first mixture to obtain a first coated product; second coating: mixing the first coating product with a carbon source according to a mass ratio of 100: (0.5-10) to obtain a second mixture; and calcining the second mixture to obtain a second coated product. The negative electrode material prepared by the embodiment of the invention can improve the first efficiency, the high-temperature storage function and the cycle life of the battery.

The invention relates to the technical field of new energy batteries, in particular to a positive electrode active material and a preparation method and application thereof. The positive electrode active material provided by the invention comprises a high-nickel material, and the high-nickel material contains a tantalum element, a magnesium element and a boron element; the chemical general formula of the high-nickel material is Li < 1 + x > Ni M < 1-a > Nb < O2 >, M is selected from at least one of Co and Mn, and N comprises a tantalum element, a magnesium element and a boron element; 0.90 < = a < = 0.98, 0.02 < = x < = 0.10, and 0.001 < = b < = 0.05. The positive electrode active material provided by the invention has excellent capacity, first effect, rate, cycle performance and thermal safety.

This invention relates to the field of lithium battery technology, and more particularly to a silicon-carbon composite material based on vertical graphene, its preparation method, and a lithium-ion battery. The silicon-carbon composite material comprises, from the inside out, a nano-silicon core, metal nanoclusters, vertical graphene, and a carbon-coated outer layer; the metal is selected from at least one of Pt and Pd. In this invention, firstly, a carbon-coated outer layer covering the entire surface isolates the nano-silicon core from the electrolyte; secondly, vertical graphene is introduced between the carbon-coated outer layer and the nano-silicon core to enhance the material's conductivity and mechanical properties, ensuring that the connection between the silicon particles and the carbon layer remains intact during expansion and contraction; finally, metal nanoclusters are introduced as a "bridge" to achieve a strong chemical / electrical connection between silicon and vertical graphene. This structural design alleviates the volume expansion problem of silicon-based materials during charge and discharge, improving the initial charge-discharge efficiency and long-cycle performance.

The application provides a silicon-carbon negative electrode material and a preparation method and a lithium ion battery thereof, the silicon-carbon negative electrode material is a grape-like secondary particle, the secondary particle is composed of primary particles, carbon nanotubes and graphite, the surface of the primary particle is connected with the graphite through the carbon nanotubes; the primary particle is a double-coated silicon-based material, the inner core of the primary particle is a silicon-based material, the inner coating layer is an oxide layer, and the outer coating layer is a carbon coating layer. The application effectively enhances the conductivity of the silicon-carbon negative electrode material by designing the grape-like silicon-carbon negative electrode material, solves the problems of particle separation and poor conductivity in the expansion process, and the material has a high degree of disorder, which is beneficial to improving the fast-charging performance of the material; in addition, the double-coated silicon-based material surface can improve the initial efficiency while reducing the residual of the surface alkali, and can effectively alleviate the expansion problem of the silicon-based material, reduce the erosion of the electrolyte to the surface of the silicon-based material, and further enhance the cycle performance of the material.

This invention discloses a lithium iron phosphate cathode material, its preparation method, and a lithium-ion battery. The preparation method includes the following steps: preparing a particle size D50 of 1... D1 Large-particle-size lithium iron phosphate cathode material; preparation of particle size D50 is I D2 Small-particle-size lithium iron phosphate cathode material; the two are mixed and carbon-coated to obtain lithium iron phosphate cathode material; wherein, the residual carbon content of the first carbon source is less than that of the second carbon source; the volume fraction of the small-particle-size lithium iron phosphate cathode material is X2, I=I D1 ×(1-X2)∕[8×(X2×I] D2 )], 0 < I < 3. The method of the present invention grades large and small lithium iron phosphate cathode materials with carbon coating, limiting I D1 I D2 The relationship with X2, and carbon coating after gradation, improve the compaction density, electronic conductivity and lithium-ion diffusion rate of the material, thereby improving the electrical performance of lithium iron phosphate cathode material.

The application belongs to the technical field of lithium ion battery recycling and regeneration, and discloses a method for repairing NCM92 positive electrode material recycling by dielectric material, wherein waste positive electrode material is pretreated to obtain NCM92 positive electrode powder; barium titanate or strontium titanate dielectric material is ground and sieved; the NCM92 positive electrode powder is divided into multiple portions, the dielectric material is mixed with the positive electrode powder in a gradient increasing adding amount, and then dried; lithium source is added to each intermediate product and uniformly mixed; finally, high-temperature sintering, crushing and sieving are performed to obtain regenerated NCM92 positive electrode material. The core of the application is that by gradient adding of the dielectric material barium titanate or strontium titanate, the bulk structure repair of the positive electrode material, the elimination of the surface residual potential and the construction of the functional coating layer are simultaneously realized in the high-temperature sintering process, so that the first efficiency, the cycle stability and the rate performance of the regenerated material are significantly improved. The method has simple process, good regeneration effect and low cost, and provides a new way for realizing high-value direct regeneration of the NCM92 positive electrode material of the retired lithium ion battery.

This invention provides a resin-based hard carbon material, its preparation method, and a battery. The resin-based hard carbon material has a porous structure, including micropores and ultramicropores; the pore size distribution of the ultramicropores is <0.7 nm, and the pore size distribution of the micropores is 0.7–2 nm (excluding 2 nm); zinc is also attached to the pore walls. The resin-based hard carbon provided by this invention has narrow, uniform, and dense pores, possessing both micropores and abundant ultramicropores, which is beneficial for lithium-ion storage. Furthermore, the ultramicropores isolate the entry of electrolyte, avoiding excessive side reactions and irreversible capacity buildup while achieving lithium-ion storage. It also retains the high-rate performance characteristics of hard carbon materials. The zinc in the pores also has a lithiophilic effect, further attracting lithium ions into the pores, thus achieving the goal of improving the capacity and first-time efficiency of hard carbon materials while maintaining high-rate performance.