A preparation method of environmentally friendly modified coal tar pitch comprises the steps that medium-temperature coal tar pitch and a potassium hydrogen sulfate catalyst are mixed evenly, meanwhile an aprotic organic solvent low in boiling point and easy to recover and a 10-undecenal modifier are added to make the mixture fully dissolved, continuous stirring is performed at a certain rotation speed, and reflux condensation reaction is performed at the temperature of 30-70 DEG C for 1-8 hours; after reaction is completed, the aprotic organic solvent low in boiling point and easy to recover is recovered, aeration drying is conducted on the obtain solid substance for 24 hours, namely the environmentally friendly modified coal tar pitch is obtained. The operation process is simple, the usage amount of the modifier is small, the usage amount of the catalyst is also small, the reaction temperature is low, the solvent can be recycled, and the industrial production cost is low. The total content of 16 types of emphasized toxic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, detected by coal tar pitch American EPA, in the coal tar pitch after modification is greatly reduced, and medium-temperature coal tar pitch is modified into low-temperature coal tar pitch.