52 results about "Dense material" patented technology

A broadband omni-directional bicone antenna. The antenna can comprise conductive surfaces of conical voids provided within a solid dielectric structure. The outside surface of the solid structure can support a radio frequency (RF) lens geometry operable for beam forming. The beam forming can modify the elevation pattern of the electromagnetic radiation from the bicone antenna. The solid dielectric structure may be machined or molded from a single piece of material. The conical voids provided within the solid structure can be metallized to provide conductive bicone radiators. The outer surface beam shaping lenses can be zoned or continuous and can provide elevation patterns with increased gain, cosecant squared falloff, or various other patterns. The beam shaping lens may be formed from any low-loss dielectric. Alternatively, the lens may be formed from a less dense material such as dielectric foam that can support radial conductive beam forming vanes.

The invention discloses an ultralow-thermal-conductivity high-entropy rare earth disilicate ceramic material and a preparation method thereof, and belongs to the technical field of high-performance ceramics. Through a high-entropy engineering strategy, aiming at the problems of poor phase stability, high thermal conductivity and insufficient calcium-magnesium-aluminum silicate corrosion resistance of a traditional rare earth bisilicate material, a Ho-Yb-Lu-X multi-element rare earth composite system high-entropy effect regulation and control component strategy is innovatively adopted, and based on atomic radius difference, electronegativity matching and a mixed entropy effect, the high-entropy composite material is prepared. The high-entropy ceramic with the beta-type RE2Si2O7 phase structure is successfully prepared, generation of impure phases is effectively inhibited, and a compact material is obtained. The obtained material shows the ultralow thermal conductivity of 0.841 W / m.K at the temperature of 1400 DEG C, wherein the thermal conductivity is reduced by about 46% compared with that of traditional Yb2Si2O7. According to the preparation process, the sintering temperature is reduced by 50 DEG C through high-entropy component design, no complex post-treatment procedure is needed, the preparation process has the advantages of simplified process, high yield and the like, and an ideal candidate material is provided for a new generation of aero-engine thermal barrier coating.

An acoustic wave device includes a piezoelectric layer and an interdigital transducer electrode disposed over the piezoelectric layer. The interdigital transducer electrode is thicker in a center region of the interdigital transducer electrode than in a gap region of the interdigital transducer electrode to thereby reduce a mass loading of the interdigital transducer electrode in the gap region. The interdigital transducer electrode has a layer of more dense material disposed of a layer of less dense material.

The utility model relates to the technical field of dust removal in ceramsite proppant production, in particular to a dust removal system for a ceramsite proppant production workshop. Comprising a machine body, a weighing conveying belt is arranged on the machine body, a collecting box is fixedly connected to the machine body, a dust suction pipe is fixedly connected to the collecting box, a dust suction cover is fixedly connected to the end of the dust suction pipe, an exhaust pipe is fixedly connected to the collecting box, and an exhaust fan is fixedly connected into the exhaust pipe. When the device is used for dust removal treatment, the driving motor is started to drive the threaded rod to rotate, so that the dust suction hood ascends and descends along the guide column, the horizontal height of the dust suction hood and the weighing conveying belt is adjusted, the suction range of the dust suction hood is adjusted, and in the process that materials move along with the weighing conveying belt, fixing teeth can make contact with the materials, so that dust removal is achieved. And the materials are turned over, so that dust accumulated at the bottoms of the materials can be absorbed by the dust suction hood, the dust removal effect of the device when the device is used for removing dust on the dense materials is improved, and the device can adapt to different production environments.

An acoustic wave device includes a piezoelectric layer and an interdigital transducer electrode disposed over the piezoelectric layer. The interdigital transducer electrode is thicker in a center region of the interdigital transducer electrode than in a gap region of the interdigital transducer electrode to thereby reduce a mass loading of the interdigital transducer electrode in the gap region. The interdigital transducer electrode has a layer of less dense material disposed of a layer of more dense material.

Sintering methods comprising (a) providing a layer of powder material on a platform; (b) projecting incident light from a source onto a surface area of the layer of powder material, wherein the incident light is projected for a sufficient time to densify the layer of powder material and form a layer of densified material; (c) optionally cooling the layer of densified material to a sufficient temperature to solidify or vitrify the layer of densified material to form a layer of sintered material; and (d) repeating steps (a) to (c) to form a sintered article in a layer-wise fashion are disclosed. The incident light may cause complete melting of the powder material or heat the powder material above its glass transition temperature. In general, the incident light is projected simultaneously and for a time span substantially the same as formation of the layer of densified material.

A hand-held reflex hammer made up of an elastic head with a mass dense distal portion used in the assessment, diagnosis, or other functions with a person, animal, or other living thing. A method of balancing the weight of the reflex hammer and elasticity of the head with the utility of the device to elicit deep tendon reflex responses upon percussion, impulse, or force applied against a tendon or muscle. A dense material is positioned in or outside the shaft of the device, thereby freeing the head to consist of an elastic material while maintaining the normal functional characteristics of a reflex hammer such as modulating the mechanical advantage of the hammer while enabling modulation of the percussion, impulse, or force exerted onto the target area. The reflex hammer may be swung or otherwise accelerated before impacting the target, transferring the momentum of the device onto the target while minimizing risk of pain, injury, or harm towards the recipient or user of the device. This device may be used for medical, veterinary, chiropractic, naturopathic, or other purposes. The shape of the reflex hammer head may be designed in different shapes, including animals, cars, planes, plants, weapons, living things, objects, real, virtual, or imagined.

The invention discloses compost treatment equipment for organic fertilizer processing, and relates to the technical field of compost, the compost treatment equipment comprises a compost mechanism, a stirring mechanism and air injection mechanisms, the stirring mechanism is mounted on the compost mechanism, and multiple groups of air injection mechanisms are mounted on the stirring mechanism. The diameters of the spiral blades are gradually increased from bottom to top, the small-diameter blades at the bottom can lift and pull deep dense materials upwards, the large-diameter blades at the top can scatter the materials at a high position to form full-pile turning, meanwhile, the air injection mechanism synchronously rotates along with the stirring hollow rod, and after an air source enters the stirring hollow rod through the air inlet cylinder, the stirring hollow rod is driven to rotate. Under the matching action of a fixed cam and a spring, an end exhaust hole and a waist exhaust hole of an air injection communicating pipe are opened and closed at proper time, air is accurately injected into a turned material, the material is in full contact with oxygen while being turned, the contact area and efficiency of the material and the air are greatly improved, the local oxygen deficit problem is effectively avoided, and the service life of the material is prolonged. Uniform decomposition of compost materials is promoted, and the composting period is shortened.

A buoyant, water-inflatable toy with a flexible main body with a hollow interior that is configured to be partially or fully filled with and contain water, wherein the buoyancy of the toy is based in part on the amount of water held in the body interior, a top portion comprising a buoyant material that is less dense than water, and a bottom portion comprising a dense material that is denser than water.

The invention discloses a straw carbonization device based on waste heat recycling, and relates to the technical field of straw carbonization devices, the straw carbonization device comprises a separation assembly, the separation assembly comprises a sealed cabin, and springs are arranged at the positions, close to four corners, of the inner top surface of the sealed cabin. According to the straw carbonization device based on waste heat recovery and utilization, when straw is divided into blocks with uniform sizes and enters the oscillation bin, the blocky straw in the oscillation bin is punched through a plurality of flow dividing pipes, so that the blocky straw is dispersed into smaller blocks, in addition, when gas punches the oscillation bin, four springs drive the oscillation bin to oscillate back and forth, so that the straw carbonization effect is improved. In the vibration process, crushed straw falls into a conveying hopper along round holes in an inclined separation plate and finally enters a conveying pipe, the crushed straw is crushed into uniform blocks in the environment with the low oxygen content, on the premise that air is isolated, the sealed conveying advantage of extrusion forming is reserved, and the conveying efficiency is improved. And the heat conduction bottleneck of the compact material blank is avoided through low-oxygen crushing.

The invention discloses a charging device for growing silicon carbide single crystals through a PVT method and application of the charging device, and belongs to the technical field of silicon carbide single crystal growth equipment. The invention provides a charging device placed in a crucible body during growth of silicon carbide single crystals by a PVT method, the charging device is used for containing silicon carbide powder, the charging device comprises a barrel and a top cover detachably arranged on the barrel, the barrel comprises a side wall and a barrel bottom, and the top cover is detachably arranged on the barrel. The side wall of the cylinder body is made of a porous material which can allow gas-phase components decomposed by the silicon carbide powder to pass through but block carbon particles, and the top cover is made of a compact material which blocks the gas-phase components decomposed by the silicon carbide powder to pass through. The invention also provides a method for growing the single crystal by using the device, the loading device is used for growing the silicon carbide single crystal, the transmission path of the material atmosphere can be changed, a recrystallization area is prevented from blocking atmosphere transmission, the problem of mutation of the crystal growth rate is solved, the generation of a carbon inclusion is reduced, and the production efficiency is improved. And the quality of the prepared silicon carbide crystal is effectively improved.

The application discloses a preparation method of high-quality vanadium-titanium pellets from sea sand ore. The method comprises the following steps: uniformly mixing sea sand ore and high-pressure roller grinding circulating edge material of the sea sand ore, pre-pressing and high-pressure roller grinding the obtained mixed material, returning the edge material obtained by the high-pressure roller grinding to participate in the mixing of the mixed material, uniformly mixing the medium material obtained by the high-pressure roller grinding and a binder, and then sequentially performing balling, low-temperature preheating and roasting to obtain the pellets. The method can promote the uniform action and transmission of the roller surface pressure among the particles by forming a uniform and dense material layer structure in the sea sand ore during the laminated crushing process, and is beneficial to the efficient activation of the sea sand ore during the high-pressure roller grinding process, can improve the green ball quality of the sea sand ore, strengthens the oxidation and consolidation of the pellets, can realize the low-temperature, low-cost and efficient preparation of the vanadium-titanium pellets from the sea sand ore, and is beneficial to the industrial production.

The invention belongs to the technical field of silicon single crystal rod preparation. The invention provides a composition for preparing an N-type silicon single crystal rod and a method for preparing the N-type silicon single crystal rod. The composition comprises a circulating material and a first silicon material, and the first silicon material comprises at least two of an N-type compact material, a P-type compact material and a coral material. According to the composition for preparing the N-type silicon single crystal rod, the qualified N-type silicon single crystal rod can be prepared by adopting the circulating material and the first silicon material, and meanwhile, the production cost of the silicon single crystal rod (such as the N-type silicon single crystal rod) can be reduced.

The present application relates to a kind of preparation methods of fine paste reclaimed rubber, belong to waste rubber recycling field.The preparation method is first to waste rubber powder uniform preheating penetration swelling, then by continuous closed heat preservation conveying metering device is added into same direction double screw extruder, dense material is under the action of temperature and shear force in extruder, the three-dimensional crosslinking network of waste rubber is fully broken, and the rapid devulcanization regeneration of waste rubber is realized;The obtained material is connected into millstone crusher, and the mutual friction between the moving millstone and the fixed millstone and the material is utilized at low temperature, further refinement is carried out, finally the material is cooled by forming device and cooling device, and the required fine paste reclaimed rubber product is obtained by packaging.The production process has the advantages of safe operation, simple, continuous, energy saving and environmental protection, and the paste rubber obtained has good fineness and little odor, and can be widely used in modified asphalt, waterproofing membrane and rubber products.

The present invention provides a method for preparing a lightweight, low-thermal-conductivity Yb2SiO5 aerogel, which belongs to the field of porous material preparation technology. First, a composite sol of a Yb2SiO5 precursor is obtained by a sol-gel method using citric acid as a rare earth chelating agent and propylene oxide as a proton scavenger. After the gel is allowed to stand, it is added to an aging liquid for aging. Finally, a supercritical drying combined with a heat treatment process is used to prepare a Yb2SiO5 aerogel ceramic material with nano-scale pore size, high porosity, low density and low thermal conductivity, which can withstand extreme temperatures of 1500°C. The Yb2SiO5 ceramic aerogel involved in the present invention has excellent high-temperature thermal stability and chemical stability, and has an X2 phase of Yb2SiO5. The porosity of the prepared material is 86.57% to 87.86%, and the density is 0.8257 to 0.9134 g / cm 3 , the thermal conductivity is 0.125~0.138W / (m·K), which is much lower than the minimum thermal conductivity of its dense material (0.74W / (m·K)).

A system composed of different densities of materials making up a device for the assessment, treatment, diagnosis, advertisement, modelling, or otherwise impacting another object, person, living thing, or material. A method for distributing the centre of mass of a device by placing dense material or materials distal to the handle thereby managing the mechanical advantage of the instrument. The dense material is positioned within the shaft of the instrument, thereby allowing the distal head to be made partially or entirely out of an elastic polymer, organic, or inorganic substance. Modulation of the characteristics of the device allows for modulating of the impulse or striking force elicited by the device. The device may therefore be swung along an axis with resultant torque elicited. This device may be used for medical, industrial, personal, or other purposes.

The invention discloses an insulation board with high barrier and aging resistance and a preparation method thereof, and relates to the technical field of insulation boards. The high-barrier aluminized film is adopted to perform vacuum packaging on the core material filler, so that on one hand, the core material filler is wrapped by the high-barrier aluminized film to isolate outside air, and the interior of the core material filler is kept in a vacuum degree, and on the other hand, the high-barrier aluminized film is a compact material; the waterproof anti-aging master batch can effectively prevent nitrogen, oxygen, water vapor and the like from permeating into the vacuum insulation panel through a barrier film, and can also reduce the influence of heat conduction and heat radiation. The phenomenon that the surface of a traditional aluminum laminated film is corroded and falls off under the humid and hot condition is avoided, and the service life of the aluminum laminated film is effectively prolonged.

An acoustic wave device includes a piezoelectric layer and an interdigital transducer electrode disposed over the piezoelectric layer. The interdigital transducer electrode is thicker in a center region of the interdigital transducer electrode than in a gap region of the interdigital transducer electrode to thereby reduce a mass loading of the interdigital transducer electrode in the gap region. The interdigital transducer electrode has a layer of more dense material disposed of a layer of less dense material.

The present invention provides a method and a system for preparing an extremely thin strip of high magnetic induction oriented silicon steel. The method includes: melting molten steel with required components to a certain temperature, stirring evenly, and then spraying it onto a rapidly rotating crystallization roll in a planar flow casting state successively through a tundish, a nozzle package, and a nozzle, so that the alloy steel liquid solidifies instantaneously to form a planar flow casting steel strip; then entering a nitrogen protection area for cooling, and automatically coiling it into a silicon steel thin strip coil by a coiler after cooling; finally, through non-uniform diameter rolling by a cold rolling mill, heating and crystallization treatment by a continuous annealing furnace, coating an Al2O3 isolation layer, and secondary crystallization in a high-temperature bell-type furnace, an extremely thin strip finished product of high magnetic induction oriented silicon steel is finally obtained. The present invention can achieve rapid solidification of molten steel, and has the advantages of simple equipment, convenient operation, large preparation quantity, dense material, and low cost.

The invention provides a hot-pressing sintering mold structure and method, and belongs to the technical field of batch hot-pressing production of compact materials.The hot-pressing sintering mold structure is characterized in that a bottom pressurizing device and a top pressurizing device are close to each other to pressurize a multi-layer mold cavity assembly, multi-layer multi-cavity hot-pressing sintering is achieved, transverse and longitudinal sintering spaces in a hearth are effectively utilized, and the sintering efficiency is improved; the single-furnace loading capacity of sintered products is improved, the sintering efficiency is improved, and the sintering cost is reduced; when the bottom pressurizing device and the top pressurizing device get close to each other, green bodies in the mold cavity assemblies are pressed through pressure transmission among all the layers of mold cavity assemblies, products which reach the compression design height firstly are not continuously compressed any more, and products which do not reach the compression design height are continuously compressed in the pressure transmission process; therefore, all layers of green bodies can be compressed to the designed height, the consistency of the height and density of sintered products in the same batch is improved, and the size and density yield of the sintered products in the single batch are improved on the basis of improving the yield of the sintered products in the single batch.

The utility model provides an atomizing core which comprises an atomizing base body, a heating piece and a preheating piece, the atomizing base body comprises a bottom wall, a side wall connected with the bottom wall and an oil storage cavity defined by the side wall around the bottom wall, and the oil storage cavity is used for storing tobacco tar; the bottom wall is made of a porous material, and at least part of the side wall is made of a compact material; the heating element comprises a heating and atomizing part, the heating and atomizing part is arranged on the lower surface of the bottom wall, and the heating and atomizing part is used for heating and atomizing tobacco tar after being electrified; the preheating part comprises a preheating part, the preheating part is embedded in the side wall or arranged on the outer surface of the side wall, and the preheating part is used for heating after being electrified so as to preheat the tobacco tar in the tar storage cavity. The atomizing core not only can preheat tobacco tar and solve the problems that high-viscosity tobacco tar is slow in guiding speed and easy to generate scorched smell, but also can reduce or avoid the phenomenon of tar leakage. The utility model further provides an electronic atomizer.

The invention discloses a method and device for preparing modified plastic from waste plastics, and relates to the field of waste plastic recycling devices.The device comprises a crusher and a cleaning pool, conveyors are arranged on the two sides of the crusher correspondingly, two crushing rollers are arranged in the crusher, and an upper pressing roller and a lower pressing roller are rotationally arranged in the crusher in a penetrating mode; a convex ring is fixedly arranged on the upper pressing roller, a concave ring groove is formed in the lower pressing roller, a rolling assembly is arranged in the crusher, an auxiliary plate is arranged at the moving end of the rolling assembly, a connecting rod is arranged in the auxiliary plate in a sliding mode, at least three spines are fixedly arranged on the connecting rod, an auxiliary assembly is arranged on the two crushing rollers, and a gathering plate is arranged at the moving end of the auxiliary assembly. Through meshing of the convex rings and the concave ring grooves on the upper pressing roller and the lower pressing roller which are mounted in the crusher, plastics with different hardness are forcibly pressed into a compact material belt, and the sharp spines pierce plastic bottles, pre-connect the materials and push the materials in a self-adaptive manner, so that continuous and controllable feeding is ensured.

The invention provides a selective swelling opening method of a crystalline block copolymer, which comprises the following steps: carrying out random copolymerization on a crystalline polymer and a random copolymerization unit through polycondensation, free radical polymerization, anionic polymerization or cationic polymerization to obtain a random copolymer with the crystallinity of 5-50%, preparing a segmented copolymer with the crystallinity of 5-50% from the random copolymer and other polymers with different properties; or melting the crystalline block copolymer and then quenching, so that the crystallinity of the crystalline block copolymer is reduced to 5-50%; preparing a compact material by taking the obtained crystalline block copolymer as a raw material; the obtained compact material is perforated through selective swelling under the action of a selective solvent. The method is simple and convenient, easy to operate and low in cost, the performance of the porous membrane is very convenient to regulate and control, the surface of the membrane has corresponding characteristics under the condition that a complex membrane surface modification process is not involved, and the method has good amplified preparation and practical application prospects.

Sintering methods comprising (a) providing a layer of powder material on a platform; (b) projecting incident light from a source onto a surface area of the layer of powder material, wherein the incident light is projected for a sufficient time to densify the layer of powder material and form a layer of densified material; (c) optionally cooling the layer of densified material to a sufficient temperature to solidify or vitrify the layer of densified material to form a layer of sintered material; and (d) repeating steps (a) to (c) to form a sintered article in a layer-wise fashion are disclosed. The incident light may cause complete melting of the powder material or heat the powder material above its glass transition temperature. In general, the incident light is projected simultaneously and for a time span substantially the same as formation of the layer of densified material.

The utility model relates to a feeding device of a double-layer-structure compact material bed roller press, and belongs to the technical field of cement grinding equipment. The device comprises a main body support and a material guiding sliding plate, a feeding port is formed in the main body support, two inclined material guiding supports are symmetrically arranged on the main body support, and a driving device is arranged at the tops of the material guiding supports. The driving device comprises a piston electric cylinder, a speed reducer and a servo motor which is in transmission connection with the piston electric cylinder through the speed reducer, and the output end of the driving device is further connected with a connecting rod. According to the utility model, the compaction of the material bed is ensured through the double-V-shaped double-plugboard pressure maintaining structure, materials are prevented from leaking into the end surfaces of the side baffles and generating friction with the end surfaces, meanwhile, the working loss of the roller press is reduced, the working efficiency is improved, and the effects of stable production, gain, energy conservation and consumption reduction are achieved.

This invention proposes a readily processable diamond / copper thermal conductive material reinforced with nano-active particles and its preparation method, belonging to the technical field of metal matrix composites. It addresses technical problems such as uneven distribution of multiple materials and loose sample structure in diamond / copper composites. The invention includes the following steps: mixing a mixed powder composed of copper powder, diamond, and nano-reinforcing element powder with an additive solution to obtain a slurry; coating the slurry onto a substrate carrier and heating and drying it to solidify it into a diamond / copper layer; subsequently, coating another layer of copper powder onto the diamond / copper layer to form a preform consisting of a substrate + diamond / copper layer + copper powder layer; sintering the pressed preform using a debinding and sintering process to obtain the diamond / copper thermal conductive material; and grinding and polishing the diamond / copper thermal conductive material. The diamond / copper thermal conductive material prepared by this invention has a dense structure, uniform material distribution, and high manufacturing efficiency, making it suitable for mass production.

A hydraulic extrusion sealed feeding device relates to the technical field of biomass raw material conveying equipment and is characterized in that a hydraulic cylinder is mounted at one end, far away from a blanking pipe, of a conveying pipe, a piston is mounted at the telescopic end of the hydraulic cylinder, and the piston is positioned in the conveying pipe and corresponds to a feeding port of the conveying pipe; according to the hydraulic material extruding and sealing feeding device, hydraulic driving is adopted, an in-pipe sealing material plug can be formed by extruding raw materials, the hydraulic material extruding and sealing feeding device has the advantages of being tight in sealing, high in reliability and high in safety, biomass raw materials are extruded into a dense material column in a pipe, gas is not prone to passing through the material column, the situation that the gas enters or leaks is avoided, and the service life of the biomass raw materials is prolonged. The gas spring and the sealing disc are arranged at the discharging port of the conveying pipe, so that sealing in the feeding intermittent period is facilitated, good sealing can be achieved in the feeding process and the feeding intermittent period, the material extruding force is far larger than the pneumatic force, clamping stagnation is prevented in the feeding process, and the reliability of the feeding system is guaranteed.

The invention discloses a lightweight high-damping Ti6Al4V alloy and a preparation method thereof. Ti6Al4V powder and Er powder are subjected to hot pressing sintering molding in a vacuum environment. According to the method, alloy powder vacuum hot pressing sintering is adopted, rapid rearrangement of powder particles can be promoted, the diffusion process is accelerated, the sintered material is more compact, the density of the material can reach 100%, the temperature needed by sintering can be reduced, grain growth can be controlled easily, and the damping performance of the material is improved.

The invention discloses a material sealing type feeding and discharging device and a working method. The material sealing type feeding and discharging device comprises a material sealing screw and a material rotating screw, and a discharging opening of the material sealing screw is connected with a feeding opening of the material rotating screw; a spiral piece is arranged in the material sealing screw, the spiral piece forms a reverse rotation structure at a discharging port of the material sealing screw, and the reverse rotation structure extrudes materials from the discharging port of the material sealing screw and forms a section of material seal. A shaftless spiral piece is arranged in the material rotating screw, and the shaftless spiral piece is used for scattering materials; strong mechanical extrusion is generated on light materials at the discharging opening of the spiral piece of the material sealing spiral, gas in gaps of the materials is discharged, a high-density material sealing layer is formed, series connection of gas phases at the front end and the rear end is thoroughly blocked, the shaftless spiral piece of the material rotating spiral is designed without a central shaft, the materials are prevented from being wound and clamped, meanwhile, dense material flow is quickly scattered, and the material sealing effect is improved. The pressure of a material sealing layer is reduced and motor overload is prevented.

This utility model discloses a carrier silo anti-arching vibration discharge device, relating to the technical field of discharge equipment. The utility model includes a storage silo with a discharge pipe connected to its bottom; a vibration discharge assembly is installed at the bottom of the storage silo, comprising a vibrating plate disposed inside the discharge pipe and a movable frame fixedly connected to one side of the vibrating plate. This utility model achieves dynamic arch breaking and active disturbance through the combined motion of the servo motor-driven arch-breaking frame rotation and the vibrating plate. The arch-breaking frame periodically cuts the material flow at a preset speed, disrupting the mechanical balance of the arch bridge; the vibrating plate generates high-frequency vibration through an eccentric wheel, reducing the cohesive force of the material. The synergistic effect of these two mechanisms effectively inhibits arch formation and improves discharge continuity. A dual-gear transmission system matches different vibration frequencies; the large gear drive side provides low-frequency strong vibration to break up dense material layers, while the small gear side uses high-frequency vibration to refine material particles, creating a gradient crushing effect.