The invention relates to the technical field of surface treatment, in particular to a surface treatment process of an HDI plate based on a chemical nickel-gold plating coating, and the surface treatment process comprises the steps of clamping, washing, drying and polishing a plate, a washing tank is arranged in a treatment box, and the surface of the HDI plate is washed by using a pickling solution, so that the surface of the HDI plate is subjected to micro-etching; the method comprises the following steps: removing rust scale, an oxidation film and other rust on the metal surface of a pre-plated printed circuit board, activating the metal surface of an HDI plate, adding chemical plating accelerators with different functions into a pickling solution, sufficiently adsorbing the accelerators on the inner walls of blind holes and through holes of the HDI plate before chemical plating, feeding the HDI plate into a chemical plating tank, and carrying out chemical plating on the inner walls of the blind holes and the through holes of the HDI plate after the HDI plate is fed into the chemical plating tank. As the concentration of the accelerator adsorbed in the blind hole is higher than that of the accelerator adsorbed on the plate surface, the growth speed of the chemical plating layer is obviously higher than that of the plate surface, so that a good metal plating layer is obtained, and the generation efficiency of the surface coating of the HDI plate can be effectively improved.