719 results about "Evaporation rate" patented technology

A semiconductor device includes at least one defect-free epitaxial layer. At least a part of the device is manufactured by a method of fabrication of defect-free epitaxial layers on top of a surface of a first solid state material having a first thermal evaporation rate and a plurality of defects, where the surface comprises at least one defect-free surface region, and at least one surface region in a vicinity of the defects, the method including the steps of selective deposition of a second material, having a high temperature stability, on defect-free regions of the first solid state material, followed by subsequent evaporation of the regions in the vicinity of the defects, and subsequent overgrowth by a third material forming a defect-free layer.

An ink-jet recording ink including a colorant dispersible in water, a water-soluble organic solvent used as a wetting agent, a surfactant, a penetrant, a water-dispersible resin, and water, wherein when 2.5 g of the ink is weighed, placed in a glass Petri dish having a diameter of 33 mm and stored for 24 hr at a temperature of 50° C.±0.5° C. and a humidity of 12%±5%, the evaporation rate of a solvent (water+water-soluble organic solvent) in the ink is 50% by weight or more, and an ink residue has a viscosity of 20,000 mPa-S or greater, and wherein by storing the ink residue for 6 hr at a temperature of 23° C.±0.5° C. and a high humidity of 95%±3% to allow it to absorb moisture, the amount of moisture contained in the ink residue becomes 30% by weight to 40% by weight, in which case the ink residue has a viscosity of less than 500 mPa s.

A self-healing material comprises a matrix embedded with micro-pockets of a healing-agent releasable by a crack in the matrix. The healing-agent is able to bond to the matrix to repair the crack. The healing-agent is contained in microcapsules. A corresponding catalyst for the healing-agent is embedded in the matrix and contained in a plurality of microcapsules as an emulsion. The emulsion comprises an oil, a perfluorated solvent, a hydrophobic ionic liquid, or mixtures thereof. A method of manufacturing the self-healing material comprises the steps of identifying an operational temperature range of the material, providing at least one substance as the healing-agent, which substance remaining substantially in a liquid state within the operational temperature range, identifying an operational evaporation rate of the healing-agent and providing the substance with a curing time according to the evaporation rate.

An organic polymer solution is made of at least one organic polymer, a first solvent, and a second solvent. The first solvent has a high solubility (e.g., the first solvent dissolves at least about one weight percent of the organic polymers) and has a faster evaporation rate than the second solvent, and the second solvent has a very low solubility (e.g., the second solvent dissolves less than about one-fourth weight percent of the organic polymers). After the solution is deposited on an object, the solution is allowed to dry. As the solution dries, the first solvent due to its faster evaporation rate than the second solvent starts to evaporate from the solution, and soon after the first solvent starts to evaporate, the one or more organic polymers, due to its lower solubility in the second solvent, rapidly gels resulting in a substantially uniform organic polymer layer.

The invention provides a process for the preparation of essential oil microcapsules comprising dissolving a di- or polyisocyanate into an essential oil, emulsifying the resulting mixture in an aqueous solution containing a di- or polyamine, and/or a di or polyhydroxy compound to effect encapsulation of said essential oil through interfacial polymerization, whereby there is formed a polyurea and/or polyurethane film around the essential oil droplets which film enhances the stability of said essential oil, reduces its evaporation rate and controls its release rate when applied to a substrate.

The energy-free refrigeration door of the present application provides a way to control condensation when the door of a refrigeration unit is opened by providing thermal insulation to the door with glass panels which have a low emissivity coating. The door includes a door frame housing and an insulating glass unit comprising inner, middle and outer sheets of glass. A first sealant assembly disposed around the periphery of the inner and middle sheets of glass forms a first chamber between the inner and middle sheets of glass. A second sealant assembly disposed around the periphery of the middle and outer sheets of glass forms a second chamber between the middle and outer sheets of glass. A gas, such as krypton, air, or argon is held in the first and second chambers. The outer sheet of glass and inner sheet of glass each have an unexposed surface that faces the middle sheet of glass. A low emissivity coating is disposed on the unexposed surfaces of the inner and outer sheets of glass so that the glass door as a whole avoids formation of condensation on the outer surface of the outer sheet of the glass door, without the application of electricity to heat the door, while also providing the desired evaporation rate of condensation from the inner side of the inner sheet of the glass door. An anti-fog or anti-frost coating is included on a surface of one of the sheets of glass.

The invention discloses a solar photothermal conversion material and a preparation method thereof, wherein the method comprises the steps of: a light absorbing material, a water-soluble monomer, an initiator and a crosslinking agent are mixed and dispersed in water to obtain a reaction liquid; or the light absorbing material, a water-soluble polymer and the crosslinking agent are mixed and dispersed in the water to obtain a reaction liquid; the reaction liquid is adsorbed by a sponge, and gelatinized to obtain a hydrogel, and after several cycles of freeze-thawing, freeze-drying and dissolvingof the hydrogel in water until the hydrogel is saturated to swell, the solar photothermal conversion material is obtained. The porous property of a sponge material enhances the water absorption of the solar photothermal conversion material, and can solve the salt deposition problem, and the solar photothermal conversion material has self-cleaning property. In the solar photothermal conversion material, the light absorbing material ensures the light absorption of the solar photothermal conversion material, and the hydrogel material can reduce the latent heat required for evaporation of water,so that high photothermal conversion efficiency and high evaporation rate can be ensured.

The present invention involves an ink for transferring a printed image from a membrane to a substrate. The ink comprises a hydrocarbon solvent, a synthetic resin, and a thixotrope for forming a thixotropic network in the ink. The hydrocarbon solvent has a predetermined evaporation rate and the thixotropic network of the ink has a thixotropic network magnitude of between about 3×10⁴ and 6×10⁵ dynes/cm²-sec⁻¹ and a thixotropic network strength of at least about 35.0 gm-cm.

The invention discloses a device for testing performance of a low-temperature vacuum multilayer heat-insulation material based on thermal protection. The device comprises a vacuum outer cover, a blind plate end cover flange, an upper protective cavity, a testing cavity, a lower protective cavity, a back pressure stabilizing device, a controllable electric heating system, a temperature and flow-rate sensing system, a liquid nitrogen filling system, a data collecting-processing system and a vacuum pumping system, wherein the upper protective cavity and the lower protective cavity are used for insulating heat leakage in the vertical direction and connected with the blind plate end cover flange of the vacuum outer cover through thin-wall steel tubes; the testing cavity is connected with the blind plate end cover flange through the same thin-wall steel tube structure as the protective cavities. An insulating material testing sample of the device can be replaced at will, the temperature distribution inside the insulating material and the evaporation rate of stored liquid under different thermal boundary temperature conditions can be measured, and the heat leakage percentage and the material apparent thermal conductivity can be further obtained by the evaporation rate.

A method for recycling dimethyl formamide relates to a method for recovering dimethyl formamide from waste water by an all-subpressure operation method. The method includes the steps of utilizing conduction oil or low-pressure steam as a heat source, sequentially leading the waste water containing DMF to four subpressure operation towers, and performing subpressure concentration in the first tower and the second tower, subpressure fractionating in the third tower and deacidification in the fourth tower, thereby obtaining finished DMF and methanoic acid. Due to the great decrease of stable operating temperature, the recovery rate of the DMF can reach over 99 percent, and the rate of purity reaches 99.99 percent; the resolution ratio of the DMF and the back evaporation rate of the peracid DMF are obviously reduced, a methanoic acid decomposition tower is cancelled, almost no DMF contains peracid, repeated rectification is not needed, and energy sources are saved by over 10 percent; and meanwhile, the dimethylamine quantity generated by decomposition is little and is completely absorbed by a boiler screen dust collection system without emission.

An ink jet ink contains at least a coloring material and a specific water-soluble organic solvent and has both excellent color developability and excellent humidity resistance. The coloring material exhibits a small (9 or less) color difference ΔE value which is determined by a method including a series of specific steps and is represented as the square root of (L₁-L₂)²+(a₁-a₂)²+(b₁-b₂)². The specific water-soluble organic solvent has an evaporation rate X smaller than that of water and a moisture absorptivity Y, the values of X and Y satisfying the relation of Y≦2.8X+10. The content of the specific water-soluble organic solvent is 50 mass % or more of the total amount of water-soluble organic solvents contained in the ink.

A flexible medium for a scrolling color changer and method of making thereof. The medium is made by applying an ink using a Meyer Rod which has varying cell lengths along its length. This leaves varying size cells of ink at different locations along the length of the medium. The ink has special characteristics whereby its evaporation rate and viscosity are carefully controlled. The viscosity is such that an amount of levelling will occur will be equal to the distance between any cells, but that cell to cell levelling will not, in general, occur.

A method and apparatus useful for disposing of the high volumes of produced water associated with coal bed methane natural gas wells. The method taught is to create steam from the produced water and vent the steam into the atmosphere. The apparatus taught utilizes the available natural gas sources as heat energy sources to produce heat for enhancing water evaporation rates and may incorporate a pre-heater system and/or a mineral separation system.

The invention discloses a temperature control system-based evaporation temperature control method for an OLED (Organic Light Emitting Diode) organic layer. The evaporation temperature control method comprises a preheating process and an evaporation process, wherein the preheating process is divided into three temperature-rise processes with temperature gradients; the evaporation process comprises a step of controlling the temperature of an evaporation source by controlling the power of an evaporation power supply on the basis of an actually-measured deposition rate curve. According to the temperature control system-based evaporation temperature control method for the OLED organic layer, the stabilization time of the temperature of the evaporation source and the deposition rate is shortened, the use ratios of the organic materials of the evaporation source are improved, meanwhile, the degradation, the degeneration and the like of the organic materials caused when the temperature rise is too fast or the risen temperature is too high are avoided, and the production cost is lowered; by utilizing a characteristic that the evaporation rate is changed by 20-30% when the evaporation temperature is changed by 1%, the accuracy of the temperature control is improved, the stability of evaporation temperature is maintained, and the uniformity of evaporated films is improved.

The present invention provides a process for obtaining a non-toxic coating suitable for preventing attachment of fouling organisms on marine structures which involves applying onto a substrate a coating composition and curing the coating composition to yield a water-insoluble hydrophilic coating wherein the coating composition includes at least one cellulose ester and at least one organic solvent which possesses a sufficiently slow evaporation rate in order to yield a coating which is substantially smooth and non-porous. The invention also pertains to the reaction of the cellulose esters in the coating compositions with crosslinkers to provide improved toughness for coatings on substrates that are submerged in water. The invention also relates to the application of the coating composition to a substrate to be subjected to a marine environment. In a further aspect, the coating composition is applied as a clearcoat to a previously coated substrate.

This invention relates to an organic, environment-friendly, preferably antioxidising and biodegradable climate, soil and growth enhancing mixture of preferably organic materials that can be applied to moist soil as dry matter or dry soil in liquid state, and which subsequently solidifies into a degradable film or membrane on top of or at a given depth in the soil. The properties of the film can be set so that the film regulates or changes the soil's oxidation ability, degradation rate, temperature, greenhouse gas respiration, combustibility, mechanical strength, evaporation rate, water runoff, nutrient conversion rate and germination conditions on and/or below the surface of the soil mass. The film or membrane can be used alone or in combination with standard plant nutrition or fertiliser.

The invention provides a method for preparing a molybdenum disulfide thin film. The method comprises the following steps: by taking molybdenum metal particles and sulfur powder as raw materials, preparing a MoS2 thin film on a target substrate in a vacuum environment by virtue of a double source evaporation method; adjusting the evaporation rates of the molybdenum and sulfur sources, wherein the content ratio of Mo atoms and S atoms is 1: 2; and carrying out reaction on the Mo atoms and S atoms on a heated substrate to generate MoS2 molecules to obtain the layer-controlled molybdenum disulfide thin film. The method achieves controllable layers of the molybdenum disulfide thin film by controlling an electron beam, heat evaporating temperature and growing time. The method provided by the invention is simple to operate and the molybdenum disulfide thin film is controllable in thickness, so that large-area high-purity molybdenum disulfide thin films with a monomolecular layer, double molecular layers and multiple molecular layers can be prepared. The method has the characteristics of low reaction temperature, energy conservation, high efficiency, simple operation, good controllability, good repeatability and batch preparation and the invention provides a reliable sample preparation method for application of molybdenum disulfide in electric and optical fields.

An atmometer device comprises a porous evaporator member, a suction tube communicating water from a reservoir to the porous evaporator member, a sensor measuring a moisture characteristic of soil associated with a crop, a mechanism arranged for controllably varying a rate of evaporation of the water through the porous evaporator member responsive to the moisture characteristic measured by the sensor, and an indicator arranged to indicate water loss in the reservoir. By controlling rate of evaporation of the water through the porous evaporator member responsive to the measured moisture characteristic of the soil, the amount of water loss in the reservoir during the given time period more accurately reflects crop evapotranspiration.

A method of extending the droplet half-life of water droplets in a combustion furnace by increasing the relative humidity in the droplets' environment; thereby reducing the evaporation rate of the water from the droplet and increasing the half-life of the droplets in the droplets' environment.