254 results about "Iridium oxide" patented technology

Iridium-based catalysts and methods of making the catalysts are described. The catalyst comprises a catalyst material comprising particles comprising iridium or a mixture of iridium and iridium oxide. The particles include an interconnected network of nanoparticles. The particles are in the range of 50 nm to 1 [mu] m, and the nanoparticles are in the range of 2 nm to 15 nm. It may have a BET surface area of 30 m2 / g or greater and a pore volume of at least 0.10 cc / g. The catalyst is prepared using an organic structure directing agent.

The invention discloses a preparation method of a gas-liquid fluctuation resistant backflow electrolyzed water microchannel, and relates to the technical field of preparation of hydrogen by electrolyzed water, the preparation method comprises the following steps: S1, selecting a polar plate of an unprocessed flow channel, and designing and processing a Tesla valve array structure comprising a Tesla island; s2, selecting a processed polar plate, and processing a micro-column array at a position close to the side wall of the Tesla structure channel; s3, respectively coating the anode side and the cathode side of the proton exchange membrane with iridium oxide and platinum carbon to prepare a catalyst layer of the membrane electrode; s4, preparing a diffusion layer, and hot-pressing the proton exchange membrane loaded with the catalyst layer and the diffusion layer together to form a membrane electrode with catalytic activity; and S5, assembling the polar plate and the membrane electrode to form the proton exchange membrane water electrolysis device with the Tesla structure and the local wettability channel. According to the invention, the phenomenon of gas-liquid backflow of the electrolytic water flow channel under large current can be effectively inhibited, and the loss of active sites caused by blockage of the flow channel by the backflow electrolytic gas is avoided.

The invention belongs to the technical field of electro-catalysis, and particularly relates to iridium-cluster-loaded strontium titanate as well as a preparation method and application thereof. The strontium titanate loaded with the iridium cluster provided by the invention comprises strontium titanate and the iridium cluster loaded on the surface of the strontium titanate, the iridium cluster comprises the following components: an iridium elementary substance and an iridium oxide wrapping the surface of the iridium elementary substance; the chemical composition of the strontium titanate is SrTiO3-x, and x is more than 0 and less than 0.5; the chemical composition of the iridium oxide is IrO2-y, and y is more than 0 and less than 2; the strontium carbonate is of a cubic octahedral structure. The iridium-cluster-loaded strontium titanate not only has excellent electrocatalytic activity, but also has long-term stability, and can be efficiently and stably operated for a long time under the working condition of PEMWE.

The invention relates to a method for recovering iridium from low-iridium-content wastewater, which comprises the following operation steps: (1) heating oxidation: adding a strong oxidant into the low-iridium-content wastewater for oxidation treatment, and mixing and stirring for reaction; (2) pH adjustment: slowly adding a sodium hydroxide solution under a stirring condition; (3) sulfuration precipitation: slowly adding a sulfuration precipitator under a stirring condition, heating to 70-80 DEG C, carrying out a constant temperature reaction, and cooling to room temperature; (4) flocculation and filtration: slowly adding a mixed flocculant under a stirring condition, standing, filtering, cleaning filter residues to be neutral, and draining water; (5) sulfuric acid digestion: putting the filter residues into a reaction container, slowly adding a dilute sulfuric acid solution under a stirring condition for soaking, cooling to room temperature after the reaction is completed, filtering, washing the filter residues to be neutral, and draining water; and (6) calcining: calcining the filter residues to obtain the iridium oxide. The method has good recovery capability on the low-content and high-impurity iridium wastewater.

The invention relates to a preparation method of an iridium oxide-manganese dioxide catalyst, which comprises the following steps: S1, fully dissolving a manganese source and an ammonium salt in deionized water, transferring the obtained solution into an autoclave for heating reaction, and washing and drying to obtain a carrier MnO2; s2, dispersing the carrier MnO2 in an alkaline solution with a pH value of 10-14, adding an iridium source, and dissolving the iridium source to obtain a dispersion liquid; and S3, carrying out heating reaction on the dispersion liquid in a high-pressure kettle, washing and drying to obtain the iridium oxide-manganese dioxide (IrO2 / MnO2) catalyst. Meanwhile, the invention also discloses application of the catalyst. The stability is not lost while the intrinsic catalytic activity and the metal utilization rate are improved, and the obtained catalyst can be used as an oxygen evolution reaction catalyst to be applied to an acidic electrolyzed water oxygen evolution reaction.

The invention relates to a membrane electrode and application thereof in deuterium-enriched water, and belongs to the field of clean energy development and utilization. The membrane electrode comprises a proton exchange membrane, an anode catalyst and a cathode catalyst, the anode catalyst is an iridium / iridium oxide catalyst with a three-dimensional porous network structure, and the cathode catalyst is a platinum-ruthenium alloy catalyst. The preparation method comprises the following steps: coating one side of the N117 proton exchange membrane with the anode catalyst, coating the other side of the N117 proton exchange membrane with the cathode catalyst, and then performing hot pressing to prepare the membrane electrode. The method comprises the following steps: assembling a membrane electrode into an electrolytic cell, and electrolyzing water by using the electrolytic cell to realize deuterium enrichment. The membrane electrode and the electrolytic cell are reasonable in design, the preparation process is simple and controllable, and the obtained product is high in efficiency and long in service life when used for enriching deuterium and facilitates industrial application.

The present invention relates to an iridium-based catalyst. The catalyst comprises elemental iridium and optionally present iridium oxide. With respect to the entire catalyst, the content of iridium is 70% or above in terms of mass fraction, and the apparent mass-volume ratio of the catalyst is not higher than 0.55 g / cm3. The catalyst has a large specific surface area, a high porosity and a low apparent mass-volume ratio, and therefore has excellent mass transfer performance and an apparent catalytic activity. A three-dimensional porous structure of the catalyst can improve the utilization rate of iridium, such that the loading of iridium in a membrane electrode is reduced, and the catalyst has excellent stability. The preparation method for the catalyst is simple and convenient, and has a relatively high economy.

The invention belongs to the technical field of electro-catalysis, and particularly relates to an iridium-containing microcrystal nano material and a preparation method and application thereof. The iridium-containing microcrystal nano material comprises an iridium elementary substance microcrystal and an iridium oxide microcrystal coating the outer layer of the iridium elementary substance microcrystal, the iridium oxide microcrystal is IrOx, and x is more than 0 and less than 2; the material has a cluster-shaped structure. The iridium-containing microcrystal nano material provided by the invention not only has excellent electrocatalytic activity, but also has good long-term stability, and can efficiently and stably operate for a long time under the working condition of PEMWE.

The invention discloses a preparation method of a porous metastable state iridium oxide composite catalyst, which comprises the following steps: uniformly mixing iridium salt, inorganic salt, metal salt, a dispersant and pre-ground sodium nitrate in a solvent, and adjusting the pH value of the solution to 1-3 to obtain a uniformly mixed solution; removing the solvent from the mixed solution to obtain a uniform powder mixture; uniformly grinding the powder mixture, and performing high-temperature roasting in a muffle furnace to obtain a composite metal oxide; and fully washing and drying the composite metal oxide to obtain the porous metastable iridium oxide composite catalyst. The iridium oxide is doped and compositely modified by adopting the inorganic salt, the metal salt and the pore-forming agent, the internal lattice structure, the electronic state and the void structure of the iridium oxide are adjusted, the catalytic activity and the stability are improved, and the method is simple, easy to implement, high in yield, capable of achieving large-scale mass production and beneficial to industrial application.

Provided are an iridium-oxide-based catalyst and a preparation method therefor and the use thereof, and a membrane electrode and a preparation method therefor and the use thereof. The catalyst comprises an oxide of iridium, wherein the oxide of iridium comprises an oxide of iridium having vacancies, the vacancies comprising iridium vacancies or oxygen vacancies; and iridium oxide comprises metastable-phase iridium oxide. A hydrogen-oxygen flame method is used as the preparation method for the catalyst, and can respectively regulate and control vacancies and crystal phases. The catalyst has both high-activity defect vacancies and stable high-activity crystal phases, and has a low overpotential and a high oxygen evolution catalyzing activity when being applied to water electrolysis.

The present invention relates to a catalyst powder suitable for production of an anode catalyst for proton exchange membrane water electrolysis, having catalyst particles (1) having a core (2) of a semiconductive material, and a catalyst shell layer (3) that fully covers the core and comprises iridium and / or iridium oxide.

The invention belongs to the field of hydrogen production through water electrolysis, and particularly relates to a supported iridium oxide water electrolysis catalyst and a preparation method and application thereof. According to the preparation method disclosed by the invention, the Ti4O7 carrier with high conductivity and high specific surface area is firstly synthesized, so that the problem of poor conductivity of the traditional TiO2 powder is solved; and secondly, controllably synthesizing the porous iridium oxide catalyst with high specific surface area and high porosity on the Ti4O7 conductive carrier by controlling the use proportion of mixed molten salt through a mixed molten salt method. The supported iridium oxide catalyst synthesized by the method is high in intrinsic activity, the usage amount of noble metal is reduced, the porous structure is beneficial to charge transfer and gas transmission during water electrolysis, and the supported iridium oxide catalyst shows excellent catalytic activity and long-term stability in PEM electrolyzed water and has good commercial application potential.

The invention discloses iridium-cobalt oxide nanoparticles as well as a preparation method and application thereof. The iridium-cobalt oxide nanoparticles comprise a cobaltosic oxide carrier and supported iridium oxide. The preparation method comprises the following steps: 1) preparing an iridium salt-cobalt salt aqueous solution; 2) preparing a reaction solution of a complex containing iridium ammonium salt and cobalt; (3) preparing an iridium hydroxide-cobalt complex compound; and 4) grinding the iridium hydroxide-cobalt complex compound, placing the ground complex compound in an oxygen-containing atmosphere for heat treatment, and then carrying out water washing and drying. The iridium-cobalt oxide nano-particles are low in iridium content, small and uniform in particle size and simple in preparation method, have the advantages of being high in electrochemical activity, good in electrochemical stability and the like when being used as an OER reaction catalyst, and are suitable for large-scale industrial application in the field of hydrogen production through water electrolysis.

The invention discloses an iridium oxide catalyst with a dendritic pore structure, a preparation method and application of the iridium oxide catalyst in a proton exchange membrane water electrolysis technology, and belongs to the technical field of water electrolysis. The preparation method comprises the following steps: dissolving an iridium source in water, adding a mixed template agent, dissolving, adding a pore-enlarging agent, and uniformly mixing to obtain a uniform emulsion; and adding an initiator for reaction, after the reaction is finished, centrifugally cleaning for 3-5 times by using a mixed solution of water and absolute ethyl alcohol in a volume ratio of 1: 1, washing off the template agent, and drying to obtain the iridium oxide catalyst with the dendritic pore structure. Compared with commercial iridium oxide catalyst nanoparticles, the iridium oxide catalyst with the dendritic pore structure prepared by the invention provides more active sites, and meanwhile, the mass transmission capability of the catalyst is remarkably improved due to the abundant pore structure, and the diffusion limitation existing in a non-porous material is overcome; therefore, the catalyst shows relatively high activity and stability in PEM electrolyzed water oxygen evolution reaction under low iridium loading, and efficient oxygen evolution catalytic reaction is realized.

The invention discloses a miniaturized low-profile flexible ocean galvanic couple type pH sensor and a preparation method thereof, and aims to solve the problems of large profile thickness and insufficient reliability of the conventional flexible pH sensor. A working electrode system and a reference electrode system in the miniaturized low-profile flexible ocean galvanic couple pH sensor are arranged on a flexible polyimide substrate, and the working electrode system comprises an iridium oxide working electrode, a first metal conduction circuit layer and a first metal bonding pad; the iridium oxide working electrode is connected with the first metal bonding pad through the first metal conduction circuit layer, the reference electrode system comprises a reference electrode, a second metal conduction circuit layer and a second metal bonding pad, and the reference electrode is connected with the second metal bonding pad through the second metal conduction circuit layer. The pH response performance is remarkably improved by utilizing the nanocrystalline iridium oxide sensing layer, the sensitivity reaches 72.76 mV / pH, and 16.84 s quick response is realized in a 3m / s high-flow-speed marine environment.

The invention relates to an iridium-ruthenium-tin composite catalyst and a preparation method and application thereof, the iridium-ruthenium-tin composite catalyst comprises an iridium element, a ruthenium element and a tin element, and an XRD spectrogram of the iridium-ruthenium-tin composite catalyst only has an amorphous peak packet within 25-40 degrees. Compared with a commercial iridium oxide catalyst, the iridium ruthenium tin composite catalyst disclosed by the invention has higher catalytic activity, the use amount of noble metal is remarkably reduced, the cost is reduced, and the use value is higher.

The invention relates to the field of photovoltaic technology, in particular to a solar cell and a preparation process thereof, a laminated cell and a photovoltaic module. The preparation process comprises the following steps: providing a silicon substrate, and preparing a passivation layer on the surface of the silicon substrate; printing a conductive material on the passivation layer; sintering and curing the conductive material to form an initial grid line; performing laser processing on the initial grid line; wherein the conductive material comprises metal powder, glass powder, an organic carrier, iridium oxide, lanthanum oxide and titanium dioxide; the metal powder comprises at least one of silver powder, nickel powder, copper powder, silver coated copper, silver coated nickel and aluminum powder. The iridium oxide, the lanthanum oxide and the titanium dioxide are simultaneously added into the conductive material adopted in the preparation process, so that the power attenuation of the module is reduced.

The invention belongs to the field of water electrolysis hydrogen production electrode materials, and particularly relates to a local amorphous porous iridium oxide, preparation thereof and application of the local amorphous porous iridium oxide in OER catalyst.The preparation method of the local amorphous porous iridium oxide comprises the steps that a mixed raw material of an iridium source, an organic-inorganic synergistic regulator and sodium-based composite salt is subjected to roasting treatment, and the local amorphous porous iridium oxide is obtained; and then carrying out quenching treatment to obtain the local amorphous porous iridium oxide. The organic-inorganic synergistic regulator comprises a La inorganic substance and an organic substance shown as a formula 1 (# imgabs0 #) in a weight ratio of (1-10): (10-50); the sodium-based composite salt comprises sodium nitrate and sodium chloride; in the formula 1, R is H, alkyl or substituted alkyl. The material prepared by the preparation method disclosed by the invention is excellent in performance under a high-temperature condition, and can stably operate under the conditions of frequent start and stop and large current.

The invention relates to a three-dimensional macroporous structure iridium oxide material constructed by nanoparticles and preparation and application thereof, the iridium oxide material is prepared by the following method: (1) dissolving an iridium salt precursor reagent in deionized water to prepare an iridium salt precursor solution, and then adding an amphiphilic triblock copolymer; (2) ultrasonically dispersing a polymer template agent into deionized water to prepare a template agent emulsion; (3) uniformly mixing the iridium salt precursor / amphiphilic triblock copolymer mixed solution with the template agent emulsion, and drying at a constant temperature; and (4) performing high-temperature calcination in an oxygen atmosphere to obtain the three-dimensional macroporous structure material constructed by the iridium oxide nanoparticles. The nanoparticle and three-dimensional macroporous structure compounded iridium oxide material disclosed by the invention has the advantages of excellent catalytic activity, stability and the like when being applied to electrolytic water decomposition as a water oxidation catalyst.

The invention discloses a method for synthesizing p-aminophenol through electrolytic reduction, which comprises the following steps: carrying out electrolysis by adopting a diaphragm electrolytic cell and taking an oxidation reaction of hydrogen as an anode reaction, taking a reduction reaction of nitrobenzene as a cathode reaction, taking a sulfuric acid aqueous solution as an anode liquid and taking an aqueous solution containing nitrobenzene and sulfuric acid as a cathode liquid, and recycling an electrolysis product in the cathode liquor to obtain the p-aminophenol. According to the invention, the oxidation reaction of hydrogen is used as the anode reaction, a membrane electrode or a gas diffusion electrode is preferably used as the anode, and an iridium oxide anode and a lead anode are not used, so that the cost is effectively reduced or pollution is avoided; the electrolytic reaction is carried out under the condition that the pressure intensity of the anode chamber is not lower than that of the cathode chamber, the electrolytic voltage is reduced by about 1.6-2.3 V (compared with an iridium oxide anode), the energy consumption is obviously reduced, and the yield of p-aminophenol is improved by about 10%.

The invention discloses a metal organic framework loaded iridium oxide catalytic material as well as a preparation method and application thereof, and belongs to the technical field of electrolytic catalyst preparation. The preparation method is mainly based on a foamed nickel supported ZIF-67 / NF composite material, iridium (Ir) is introduced through an impregnation method to improve the catalytic performance, the introduction of Ir not only significantly enhances the activity of the catalyst in OER, but also improves the performance of the catalyst in HER by adjusting the electronic structure of Co (OH) 2. The conductivity of the catalyst is optimized by the synergistic effect of the amorphous characteristic of IrOx and the Co (OH) 2 matrix, the overpotential of hydrogen evolution reaction is effectively reduced, and higher electrocatalytic activity and excellent long-term stability are shown.

The invention discloses a mixed molten salt method for rapidly preparing short-range ordered iridium oxide for PEM electrolyzed water, and belongs to the technical field of preparation of catalytic materials. According to the method, the short-range ordered iridium oxide can be prepared within 20 minutes to 2 hours. High-melting-point mixed molten salt is introduced as a reaction medium, so that iridium salt is uniformly dispersed, agglomeration is effectively reduced, and the preparation efficiency is improved; a morphology control template is not needed, the process is simplified, and the cost is reduced; by adjusting reaction parameters, the morphology and size of iridium oxide can be flexibly regulated and controlled, the particle size of a single nano crystal grain is 1.7-2.7 nm, and a short-range ordered structure is formed. The short-range ordered iridium oxide provides more active sites, enhances the structural stability, is good in dispersity, can be directly used as catalyst slurry, and realizes high catalytic activity under extremely low loading capacity; when the composite material is applied to a proton exchange membrane water electrolysis hydrogen production anode catalytic material, the catalyst cost is reduced, the energy conversion efficiency is improved, an electrolytic cell reaches high current density under low voltage, the performance is stable, and green hydrogen economic development is promoted.

The invention belongs to the technical field of electro-catalysis, and particularly relates to a short-range ordered neodymium element doped iridium oxide catalyst, an iridium oxide-based catalyst and a preparation method and oxygen evolution application thereof. The preparation method comprises the following steps: reacting iridium source metal salt with strong alkali, then carrying out alkali-assisted co-precipitation reaction with neodymium source metal salt to form iridium-neodymium co-coordinated hydrated hydroxide, and then sequentially carrying out drying, heat treatment and acid treatment to obtain the short-range ordered neodymium element doped iridium oxide catalyst. According to the method, the amorphous iridium oxide matrix dominated by side sharing [IrO6] connectivity is directly generated, meanwhile, low-valence Nd < 3 + > cations with large ion radius and obvious oxyphilicity are in a short-range frame of the amorphous iridium oxide matrix so as to synergistically activate an OPM oxide path mechanism, and the OPM oxide path mechanism overcomes the technical defects existing in an existing LOM lattice oxygen mechanism.

The invention discloses a mesoporous iridium oxide catalyst and a preparation method and application thereof. The preparation method comprises the following steps: dissolving an iridium-containing compound, nitrate and urea in water, and uniformly stirring and mixing to obtain a mixed solution; carrying out rotary evaporation drying on the mixed solution to obtain a uniform catalyst precursor; calcining the precursor in an air atmosphere to obtain an iridium oxide catalyst; the iridium-containing compound comprises but not limited to one or more of chloroiridic acid, potassium chloroiridate and iridium trichloride, the nitrate comprises but not limited to one or more of sodium nitrate, ammonium nitrate and potassium nitrate, the molar ratio of the urea to the iridium-containing compound in the mixed solution is (1-100): 1, and the molar ratio of the nitrate to the iridium-containing compound is (1-100): 1; the mesoporous iridium oxide prepared by the invention has an ultrahigh specific surface area, is beneficial to exposure of active sites and optimization of mass transfer in a reaction process, and effectively reduces the noble metal loading capacity of a proton exchange membrane electrolyzed water anode catalyst.

The invention relates to the technical field of electrode materials and electrochemical catalysis, in particular to a manganese iridium oxide catalyst composite electrode material based on a growth substrate and a preparation method and application of the manganese iridium oxide catalyst composite electrode material based on the growth substrate. The amorphous manganese iridium oxide catalyst grows on the growth substrate in a repeated calcination mode, and is compounded with the growth substrate to form the electrode material. The prepared composite electrode material is rich in oxygen vacancies by repeatedly carrying out the operations of dropwise adding, drying and calcining for multiple times, so that the composite electrode material has the advantage of high catalytic activity. The titanium felt with the three-dimensional net-shaped porous structure is used as a growth substrate, gas transmission of the composite electrode material can be guaranteed, uniform distribution of the composite electrode material can be maintained, and the prepared composite electrode material has excellent acidic oxygen evolution reaction catalytic performance in cooperation with a multi-time calcination mode, can reach industrial-grade large current and can achieve high stability.

The invention provides a method for efficiently recovering metal iridium from waste iridium and waste materials, and belongs to the technical field of precious metal recovery. Comprising the following steps: (1) stripping a titanium substrate by adopting high-pressure water jet or ultrasonic vibration; (2) adding the titanium substrate obtained by stripping into mixed acid, carrying out gradient heating for dissolving, filtering, and reserving filtrate for later use; (3) adding a tributyl phosphate / kerosene system into the filtrate, extracting and separating the tributyl phosphate / kerosene system, and adding diluted hydrochloric acid for back extraction and separation to obtain an iridium extract; and (4) adding a purifying agent into the iridium extraction liquid, carrying out ultrasonic purification, separating the purifying agent, adding solid ammonium chloride into the filtrate, precipitating, filtering, washing the solid with an ammonium chloride solution, drying, and calcining to obtain an iridium oxide product. The method comprises the following steps: preferentially extracting iridium from a medium by adopting tributyl phosphate (the partition ratio is gt; 100), a purifying agent is added into the solution, and impurities such as Fe, Al and Cu ions are deeply removed.

[Problem] To provide iridium oxide suitable for proton exchange membrane-type water electrolysis, the iridium oxide having high initial activity and being excellent in stability during long-term operation. [Solution] Provided is iridium oxide having a rutile structure, the iridium oxide being characterized by having: a crystallite size of 2.0 nm to 4.0 nm as calculated from a peak of a (110) plane of the rutile-structured iridium oxide determined by X-ray diffraction; and a BET specific surface area, measured by nitrogen adsorption measurement, of 70 m2 / g to 120 m2 / g.

The application discloses a preparation method and application of a zirconium dioxide loaded iridium oxide nanocluster oxygen evolution electrocatalyst. A mixed solution of zirconium salt, amide solvent and organic acid is prepared, and the mixed solution is kept at 120 DEG C for 24 hours; after cooling, the white product is separated, washed and dried. Then, the product and iridium salt are dispersed in a mixed solution of tetrahydrofuran and water, and sodium nitrate and potassium nitrate aqueous solution are added under stirring; after stirring, rotary evaporation is carried out at 60 DEG C, and the greenish powder obtained after drying is vacuum dried at 60 DEG C for 12 hours; the greenish powder is kept in a muffle furnace at 450 DEG C for 30 minutes, and then cooled in air; the greenish powder is washed with deionized water and anhydrous ethanol for multiple times, and finally vacuum dried at 60 DEG C for 12 hours. The zirconium dioxide loaded iridium oxide material based on oxygen overflow stable tetragonal zirconia can be specially applied to an electrocatalyst for an oxygen evolution reaction in an acidic electrolyte, has excellent oxygen evolution reaction activity, follows a lattice oxygen mechanism in the reaction process, and can realize an oxygen overflow effect from tetragonal zirconia to iridium oxide nanoclusters to stabilize the catalyst.

The present invention relates to a water electrolysis electrode, a membrane electrode assembly comprising same, and an electrolysis cell comprising the membrane electrode assembly. Provided are a water electrolysis electrode, a membrane electrode assembly comprising same, and an electrolysis cell, the water electrolysis electrode comprising: a substrate; and a catalyst layer positioned on the substrate and comprising an iridium oxide and an iridium oxide-ionomer aggregate.

The invention provides an iridium oxide-based catalyst as well as a preparation method and application thereof. The catalyst includes an oxide of iridium, the oxide of iridium including an oxide of iridium having vacancies; the types of the vacancies comprise iridium vacancies or oxygen vacancies; the iridium oxide includes metastable-phase iridium oxide. The invention also provides an application of the catalyst in an electro-catalysis oxygen evolution reaction. According to the preparation method of the catalyst, an oxyhydrogen flame method is utilized, and vacancy and crystal phase of iridium oxide can be regulated and controlled respectively. The iridium oxide-based catalyst simultaneously contains high-activity defect vacancies and a stable high-activity crystal phase, and has relatively low overpotential and relatively high oxygen evolution catalytic activity when being applied to water electrolysis.