The invention provides a particle 
diameter detection method based on optical 
trapping. The method comprises the following steps of analyzing the power spectrum of displacement of particles trapped by an optical trap, wherein a 
signal comprises Lorentz distribution corresponding to limited Brownian movement and peak of forced movement; according to the area of the peak relative to the Lorentz distribution and the height of the peak, inverting the 
voltage proportion coefficient of a micro particle in the optical trap when the micro particle is detected by a 
detector, and according to the micro particle 
diameter with the standard size, measuring the ratio of coefficient of 
viscosity to temperature; acquiring the temperature in the optical trap according to the relationship between the coefficient of 
viscosity and the temperature; collecting a forced movement 
signal of a to-be-detected micro particle in the optical trap, and then calibrating the 
voltage proportion coefficient of the 
detector to the micro particle by utilizing the power spectrum; and acquiring the 
diffusion coefficient by the power spectrum of thermal 
noise, and determining the 
particle radius according to the temperature, the coefficient of 
viscosity as well as Stokes-Einstein relation of standard micro particle measurement. The method can be used for detecting the particle 
diameter of each particle in an experiment environment, that is, the method can be used for detecting the particle diameter with high precision in situ.