The invention provides a space structure optical fiber laser based on two-dimensional nanomaterial mode locking. The space structure optical fiber laser comprises a pumping source used for outputting pumping laser, and an annular cavity optical path, wherein one part of the annular cavity optical path consists of gain optical fibers; the space structure optical fiber laser also comprises a two-dimensional nanomaterial saturable absorber used for mode locking, a space structure used for forming nonlinear polarization rotation and realizing hybrid mode locking, and a wavelength division multiplexer used for coupling light into the annular cavity optical path. According to the space structure optical fiber laser based on the two-dimensional nanomaterial mode locking provided by the invention, the space structure optical fiber laser mode locking is realized by adopting the two-dimensional nanomaterial saturable absorber and the space structure for forming nonlinear polarization rotation for realizing the hybrid mode locking; the optical fiber laser is compact and small in structure, relatively low in cost, and applicable to duplication in production and assembling; and the optical fiber laser has the advantages of one-way laser output, high repetition frequency, pulse width lower than 100fs magnitude, high stability, high optical beam quality and the like, so that the optical fiber laser can be widely applied to national defense, industries, medical treatment, scientific research and the like.