The invention relates to the technical field of 3D printing, in particular to an online component-variable photocuring 3D printing device and method. The device comprises a base, a laser generation module, an injection pump, two or more injectors, a material mixing and feeding mechanism, an X-axis moving module, a scraper, a Y-axis moving module, a printing platform and a Z-axis moving module, wherein the laser generation module, the injection pump, the injectors, the material mixing and feeding mechanism, the X-axis moving module, the scraper, the Y-axis moving module, the printing platform and the Z-axis moving module are mounted on the base. The injection pump drives the injectors to achieve material conveying, discharging ports of the injectors communicate with a material mixing cavity in the material mixing and feeding mechanism through a pipe body, the X-axis moving module drives the material mixing and feeding mechanism to move so that a discharging port of the material mixing and feeding mechanism can move to the position above the printing platform, the Y-axis moving module drives the scraper to move to slick materials on the printing platform, the Z-axis moving module drives the printing platform to move up and down, and a laser printing opening of the laser generation module is formed above the printing platform. By means of the device and method, printing to high-viscosity materials can be achieved, and multiple kinds of materials can be printed according to different proportions.