56results about How to "Prevent blood clotting" patented technology

The invention relates to a bacterial cellulose biological patch and a manufacturing method thereof. The biological patch comprises a bacterial cellulose film, namely BC film, wherein the polymerization degree of the bacterial cellulose ranges from 2000 to 20000, the crystal form of the cellulose crystal is I type, the crystallization index is 50-95%, and in cell parameters, a is equal to 0.815nm, b is equal to 1.025nm, c is equal to 0.832nm, and beta is equal to 85 degrees. The bacterial cellulose biological patch has excellent mechanical property, better biological fitness, better anti-adhesion property and antimicrobial property in the enterocoelia environment, and proper area can be conveniently obtained.

The invention discloses a convenient automatic shaking multifunctional blood sampling test tube rack. The test tube rack comprises a blood sampling test tube rack body, wherein a preformed groove is formed in the top of the blood sampling test tube rack body; the top of the preformed groove is connected with the middle part of a movable plate capable of continuously swinging through a rotating shaft; a test tube limiting placement hole is reserved in the movable plate capable of continuously swinging, a limiting transverse rod is arranged on the inner side of the U-shaped fixing frame, the endof the limiting transverse rod is located in the test tube clamping block, and a first spring is embedded in the outer wall of the limiting transverse rod. According to the invention, the device is provided with a fixing plate, a limiting groove, a limiting rod, a vertical sleeve, a vertical sleeve rod, a second spring, a half gear, an output shaft and a motor; so that under the continuous rotation of the motor, the movable plate capable of continuously swinging can continuously swing around the rotating shaft, so that the test tube on the movable plate capable of continuously swinging can swing, the blood coagulation in the test tube is avoided, the manual operation is not needed, and the manual labor intensity is reduced.

To provide low-molecular-weight heparin or its salt that can be efficiently obtained by a simple method without requiring large-scale equipment and has extremely reduced impurity content, pharmaceutical compositions containing it, and production of low-molecular-weight heparin or its salt method. The low-molecular-weight heparin or its salt of the present invention can be treated with a reducing agent after reducing the molecular weight of the heparin and / or its salt, and after the reducing agent is removed and / or decomposed, the pH of the solution is adjusted to 4 Or get smaller.

The invention relates to the technical field of medical devices, and discloses a device for preventing coagulation of a blood transfusion bag or a blood transfusion bottle. The device comprises a bracket, a fixing device for fixing the blood transfusion bag or the blood transfusion bottle and a driving device for driving the fixing device to rotate in the first direction. The fixing device is connected to the bracket, and the fixing device comprises a connector for fixing the blood transfusion bag or the blood transfusion bottle and an elastic part for driving the connector to return an initial position. When the driving device drives the connector to rotate, the elastic part deforms; when the driving device drives the connector to rotate to a preset position, an acting force of the driving device on the connector disappears, the elastic part recovers the deformation and drives the connector to rotate to the initial position along the direction opposite to the first direction, so thatthe blood transfusion bag or the blood transfusion bottle shakes. Such a setting solves the problem that the blood in the blood transfusion bag is prone to coagulation during the blood transfusion process, and medical workers are required to continuously shake the blood transfusion bag, thereby increasing the work intensity of the medical workers.

The invention relates to a drug combination, specifically relates to a medicine, which is prepared by adopting traditional Chinese medicines as raw materials, for treating a series of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, such as apoplexy hemiplegia, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, high blood viscosity and the like. Specifically, the medicine is prepared by adopting astragalus, leech, scorpio, nux vomica, antler, borneol, angelica sinensis, szechuan lovage rhizome, red paeony root , Chinese-drug-saffron, frankincense, myrrh, lumbricus, cassia twig, garter snake, radix aconiti preparata, radix aconiti kusnezoffii praeparata and radix aconiti lateralis preparata as the raw materials according to a certain proportion and grinding the raw materials into herb powder. The medicine provided in the invention can activate qi and blood, promote blood circulation, reduce blood viscosity, reduce blood consistency, reduce blood concentration and reduce blood accumulation, suppress synthesis and absorption of cholesterol and triglyceride, soften blood vessels, and recover vascular elasticity, and has other effects. At the same time, the medicine is simple to prepare, has low cost, is beneficial for popularization, and is safe and free of toxic or side effects.

A coupling device (1) for connecting two ends (3, 9) of respective tubular members, allow the opening and the closing of a first tubular member and the simultaneous engagement of the two tubular members, in such a way preventing any pollution, comprises: a first case (5) housing a first end (3) of a respective first tubular member (2), comprising closing means (10) of said first end (3); a secondcase (20), wherein a flexible terminal section (6) of a respective second tubular member is received, comprising means for driving a second end (9) of said second tubular member from a retracted position to a engagement position into said first end (3) and vice versa; and means for reversibly connecting said first and second cases (5, 20) at a respective coupling port thereof, defining a single sealed environment; wherein the engagement and the disengagement of said second end (9) and the automatic mechanical activation and deactivation of said closing means (10) for opening and closing said first end (3).

A device and method for automatically and repeatedly measuring fetal Lactic Acid (LA) concentration in the blood, for monitoring fetal stress. The device is connected by a probe to the scalp of the fetus and measures the Lactic Acid concentration in the blood at preset intervals. The device is optionally provided with an alarm which is activated when lactic acid concentration is outside a preset normal range.

The invention discloses a polyacrylonitrile hemodialysis membrane and a preparation method thereof, which relate to the field of a biological material. The hemodialysis membrane is a hollow fiber membrane, and the diameter of a hollow fiber of the hollow fiber membrane is in a range of 0.8-3.5 Mum, the pore diameter of the hollow fiber is in a range of 1.2-4.2 Mum, and the thickness of the hollow fiber is in a range of 60-90 Mum. The hemodialysis membrane is prepared by the following components, by mass: 30-50 parts of polyacrylonitrile, 10-18 parts of polyacrylate, 10-16 parts of polyphosphazene, 5-10 parts of polyglycolic acid, 5-10 parts of polylactic acid, 20-35 parts of dimethylacetamide, and 12-25 parts of acetone. The preparation method of the polyacrylonitrile hemodialysis membrane comprises the following steps: (1) preparation of a spinning solution; and (2) electrostatic spinning. The polyacrylonitrile hemodialysis membrane has excellent biocompatibility, can effectively reduce a blood coagulation phenomenon, has a certain toxin cleaning property, and is a relatively ideal hemodialysis membrane.

The invention discloses a thrombus preventive indwelling needle not blocking a needle tubing. The indwelling needle comprises a three way needle stand, an indwelling hose arranged in the front end ofthe three way needle stand and a puncture needle penetrating into the indwelling hose from the three way needle stand; a plugging structure is arranged in the three way needle stand; after once transfusion, the plugging structure penetrates into the front end of the indwelling hose to plug a front opening of the indwelling hose; and in the transfusion process, the plugging structure is withdrawn into the three way needle stand behind the indwelling hose to not influence the flow velocity of transfusion. Compared with a present positive pressure joint type or counter current preventive product,the indwelling needle prevents blood backflow in an accurate position, a blood clotting phenomenon is avoided, the thrombus preventive effect is good, and the indwelling needle has significant influence on clinical operation, and guarantees the physical health more effectively.

The invention relates to the field of intelligent medical apparatus and instruments, and provides a blood collecting robot and a blood collecting system. The blood collecting system comprises a background system and a blood collecting device, the background system is connected with the blood collecting device in a communication mode, and the background system is used for controlling the blood collecting device to collect blood; the background system comprises a storage module and a matching module, and the matching module comprises a comparing module; the blood collecting device comprises an interaction system, a printer, a label sticking device, an arm tightly-holding device, a blood vessel acquiring device, a blood collecting tube mounting and dismounting device, a blood collecting needle mounting and dismounting device, a disinfecting and hemostasis device, a piercing-in device, a tube storage device, a needle storage device, a disinfecting and hemostasis material storage device anda recycle material storage device; and the interaction system comprises an input output module. According to the blood collecting robot and the blood collecting system, whole-course unmanned full automatic blood collecting can be achieved, only one guide medical worker can be needed for multiple blood collecting robots, and the work load of medical workers is greatly reduced; the printer is a minitype built-in printer, the size is small, mounting is convenient, and operation of the medical workers is convenient.

The invention relates to a mechanical heart-failure dehydration plant which is realized through peripheral veins, and a control apparatus thereof. The mechanical heart-failure dehydration plant comprises a blood filter unit, a safe detection unit, a blood and ultrafiltration driving unit, an ultrafiltrated weighing feedback regulation unit, and a control unit, wherein, a pressure transducer in the safe detection unit comprises an absolute pressure component and at least a pressure transducer protector. After the control apparatus of the mechanical heart-failure dehydration plant starts, a CPU executes the following steps that are the step of controlling the forced pre-rinse and the step of controlling the ultrafiltration. The mechanical heart-failure dehydration plant and the control apparatus thereof have the advantages of relatively low use-cost, safe ultrafiltration process, and simple and convenient operation.

The invention discloses an apparatus for preventing blood coagulation of a blood transfusion bag or a blood transfusion bottle, and belongs to the technical field of medical instruments. The apparatuscomprises a shell, a driving device is fixedly connected to the lower surface of the inner wall of the shell, and a driving wheel is arranged at the top end of the driving device. According to the apparatus for preventing blood coagulation of the blood transfusion bag or the blood transfusion bottle, a motor, a driving pulley, a reaction box, a supporting rod, a sliding groove and a spring are matched with one another, when a medical worker places a blood bag in the reaction box, the medical personnel only need to start the motor, the motor drives the driving wheel to rotate, the pulley tightly clings to the surface of the driving wheel to slide, and at the moment, the reaction box can repeatedly move left and right under the action of the motor and the spring, so that the apparatus can fully mix the blood and an anticoagulant in the blood bag, and under the state that cooling equipment is started, hemoglobin in the blood is not prone to necrosis and damage, and a patient is not proneto using the damaged blood.

The invention discloses a medical examination blood collection tube arranging device. The medical examination blood collection tube arranging device comprises an arranging box, the bottom inner wall of the arranging box is slidingly connected with an arranging plate, the inner wall of one side of the arranging box is welded with a mounting plate, the inner wall of the other side of the arranging box is symmetrically welded with two tension springs, one end of each tension spring is welded to one side of the arranging plate, one side of the top of the mounting plate is fixedly provided with a micro motor, and the output shaft of the micro motor is vertically welded with a rotating plate. The medical examination blood collection tube arranging device is simple in structure; an arc clamping plate can firmly clamp a blood collection tube inside a round arranging groove; by means of interaction of the structures such as the micro motor, the rotating plate, a pull rope and the tension springs, the arranging plate and the blood collection tube can move horizontally and reciprocatingly and further shake blood inside the blood collection tube to avoid coagulation of the blood with good effects, thereby reducing the labor intensity of medical workers and facilitating usage.

The invention discloses a small-caliber composite multilayer artificial blood vessel and a preparation method thereof. A chitosan / gelatin mixed solution is prepared as an electrolyte, and an electrophoretic deposition technology is utilized to deposit chitosan / gelatin composite gel on the surface of a needle-shaped electrode, so that a chitosan / gelatin composite gel coating is prepared; the composite gel coating is taken as a substrate, and a sodium alginate / chitosan outer layer is constructed on the surface of the composite gel coating by utilizing the layer-by-layer self-assembly effect to form chitosan / gelatin / sodium alginate composite multilayer gel; and after the composite multilayer gel is taken down, freeze drying is performed to obtain the chitosan / gelatin / sodium alginate compositemultilayer artificial blood vessel capable of simulating the special multilayer structure of the natural blood vessel. By means of the mode, the artificial blood vessel small in caliber and good in mechanical property can be rapidly and conveniently prepared; and the whole preparation process is easy to regulate and control, and the prepared composite multilayer artificial blood vessel is good inbiocompatibility, high in use safety and capable of meeting the requirements of practical application.

The invention relates to the technical field of device equipment, and particularly relates to a blood collecting device capable of allowing a blood bag to be vibrated and heated. An electric heating wire is arranged in an electric heating wire placing groove which is formed between a blood bag placing chamber and a baffle of the blood collecting device, the blood bag in the blood bag placing chamber can be heated by the electric heating wire, the weights on the two sides of the rotary device are the same when the vertical plane where a rotary shaft is located is taken as a boundary by the rotary device, when the blood bag is put into the blood bag placing chamber, one end of the blood bag placing chamber moves downwards around the rotary shaft, at the moment a vibration protruded block isdriven by the motor to vibrate the blood bag in the blood bag placing chamber to prevent blood in the blood bag from solidifying, the base is prepared from metal, so that the weight of the base is heavier, and the device is more stable.

Provided is an efficient blood sampling and blood collecting device for ocular fundus of rats and mice. The device comprises a blood sampling part and a blood collecting part, wherein the blood sampling part is communicated with the blood collecting part through a hose; the blood sampling part comprises a blunt end metal tube part; the lower half part of the blunt end metal tube part is fixedly provided with a hand holding part; the hand holding part comprises a central sheet and a wing plate connected with one side or the two sides of the central sheet, and the surfaces of the central plate and the wing plate are provided with skid-proof convex points; the blood collecting part comprises an elastic plastic blood collecting tube, and the blood collecting tube comprises the upper end part of a collecting nozzle and the lower end part of a column; the blood collecting nozzle is connected with the end part of the hose in a detachable mode; the upper end part is connected with a nozzle cover matched with the blood collecting nozzle; the upper end part is connected with the lower end part through a buckle in a detachable mode; the lower end of the column has a flat bottom, a conical bottom or an arc bottom; in the process of manual extrusion and manual release, negative pressure is generated by the blood collecting tube to collect blood. The efficient blood sampling and blood collecting device has the advantages of being efficient and convenient in blood sampling and blood collecting, good in controllability, improving the success rate of blood sampling once and the blood collecting efficiency, and reducing the risks of operation failure and repeated trauma.

The invention provides a precise filter light-proof infusion device which comprises a puncture device, a dropper, a drip chamber, a pipeline and a flow regulator, wherein a drip chamber upper cover is arranged at the upper end of the drip chamber, and is provided with a liquid inlet pipe; the liquid inlet pipe is connected with the dropper; the dropper is connected with the puncture device; an air intake component is arranged in the drip chamber upper cover; a stop precise liquid medicine filter membrane is arranged at the lower part of the drip chamber; a drip chamber lower cover is arranged at the lower end of the drip chamber; the liquid outlet of the drip chamber lower cover is connected with the pipeline; the pipeline is connected with an external conical connector; the flow regulator is arranged on the pipeline; the dropper, the drip chamber and the pipeline are prepared by using polyvinyl chloride as a raw material and tri-octyl tri-meta-benzoate TOTM as a plasticizer and adding an ultraviolet absorber; and an ITO film layer is coated to inner surfaces of the dropper, the drip chamber and the pipeline. The precise filter light-proof infusion device is light-proof, has certain transparency, and can be used for preventing medicines from reacting with light-proof materials.

The invention provides a heatable venting non-phthalate liquid-check precision filter infusion apparatus, characterized in that a PTC (positive temperature coefficient) ceramic heater is fitted in a dropper, the lower portion of the dropper is provided with a liquid-check precision liquid medicine filter membrane, the lower end of the dropper is provided with a dropper lower cover, a liquid outlet of the dropper lower cover is connected with a line, the line is connected to an external conical connector, the external conical connector is provided with an external conical connector protecting sleeve, and the line is fitted with a flow regulator. The PTC ceramic heater is used to directly heat liquid medicine in the dropper, a special temperature control system is not required, the size is small, bubbles may be intercepted by the liquid-check precision liquid medicine filter membrane after heating; the apparatus has the advantages that filtering speed is high, heating speed is high, air can be evacuated, precise control of infusion rate is unaffected, and blood coagulating can be avoided.

The present invention relates to the technical field of medical devices, in particular to a disposable automatic stop liquid infusion set, the top of the upper conduit is respectively connected with the cork piercer and an air intake conduit, and the end of the air intake conduit The air filter is provided, the bottom of the upper conduit is connected to the dripping funnel through a three-way dropper, and the medicinal liquid injection piece is connected to the three-way dripper; the dripping funnel is installed on the On the dripping funnel base, the connection between the dripping funnel and the dripping funnel base is provided with the floating ball isolation net, and the floating ball and the silica gel film are respectively installed in the dripping funnel base; the bottom of the dripping funnel base and the One end of the long catheter is connected, and the other end of the long catheter is connected to the connecting seat of the intravenous infusion needle; the present invention ensures its safety and reliability by adding a floating ball with an automatic liquid stop function; avoiding the traditional infusion set It is safe and reliable for blood coagulation at the intravenous injection needle due to hemostasis.

An anti-coagulation fixing disc for blood collection vessel in laboratory medicine is disclosed, includes a base and a fixing plate, the fixing plate has a spiral belt structure, the upper end of thebase is fixed with a blood collecting vessel storage box and a connecting block, a first spring, a U-shaped seat, a rotating shaft on the upper end of the connecting block are connected with an outerend of the fixing disc belt body, a top seat is connected with the inner end of the fixing disc belt body, the lower end of that top seat is fixedly connected with the upper side of the blood collecting vessel storage box by a first end plate, a slide rod, a second end plate and a second spring, a support sleeve is arranged on the outer side of the second spring, the upper end of the support sleeve is fixedly provided with a vibration device, and the vibration device is in bunted with the second end plate. The structure is reasonably designed, the low-frequency vibration device is arranged todrive that fixing disc to vibrate, thereby effectively preventing blood coagulation in the blood collection vessel and reducing the workload of the inspection personnel; on the other hand, the fixingdisc is helical and the inner end of the disc is raised so that the blood collection vessels can be located at different horizontal positions, which is convenient to find the corresponding blood collection vessels of the patients.

The invention discloses an instrument for preventing blood coagulation in hemodialysis. The instrument is characterized by comprising an instrument body and a supporting shell used for installing the instrument body for preventing blood coagulation in hemodialysis, wherein the top of the supporting shell is fixedly connected with an installation base, the instrument body is fixedly installed in the installation base, the instrument body comprises an operation table and a blood coagulation prevention power assembly, and the blood coagulation prevention power assembly is connected with the operation table through a connecting wire; and the instrument further comprises a moving mechanism, a lifting mechanism and a driving mechanism, the moving mechanism is arranged in an inner cavity of the supporting shell and used for improving the maneuverability of the instrument body, and the lifting mechanism is arranged in the inner cavity of the supporting shell and used for driving the moving mechanism to ascend and descend.

The invention discloses a blood transfusion bag capable of preventing blood coagulation. The blood transfusion bag comprises a plastic soft film material layer, a filter element structure is fixedly arranged at the upper end of the interior of the plastic soft film material layer, and a blood inlet is fixedly formed in the upper end of the side, close to the filter element structure, of the plastic soft film material layer through a connecting piece; an anticoagulant injection port is formed in the end, away from the blood inlet, of the upper end of the plastic soft film material layer through a connecting piece, an outer protection layer is connected to the four corners of the outer side of the plastic soft film material layer through connecting pieces, a first hanging ring is fixedly arranged in the center of the upper end of the outer protection layer, and an air inlet is fixedly formed in one side of the first hanging ring; an exhaust port is fixedly formed in the lower end of the outer protection layer, an infusion pipeline is arranged in the center of the lower end of the plastic soft film material layer, a blood storage pipe is fixedly arranged at the lower end of the infusion pipeline, and a first sealing rubber ring is fixedly arranged at the bottom end of the blood storage pipe. Therefore, the situation of blood coagulation during blood transfusion is effectively avoided, and the blood transfusion bag is suitable for being widely popularized.

The present invention includes methods for preparing anticoagulant polysaccharides using several non-naturally occurring, engineered sulfotransferase enzymes that are designed to react with aryl sulfate compounds instead of the natural substrate, PAPS, to facilitate sulfo group transfer to polysaccharide sulfo group acceptors. Suitable aryl sulfate compounds include, but are not limited to, p-nitrophenyl sulfate or 4-nitrocatechol sulfate. Anticoagulant polysaccharides produced by methods of the present invention comprise N-, 3-O-, 6-O-sulfated glucosamine residues and 2-O sulfated hexuronic acid residues, have comparable anticoagulant activity compared to commercially-available anticoagulant polysaccharides, and can be utilized to form truncated anticoagulant polysaccharides having a reduced molecular weight.

The invention relates to a compound amino acid health product, and belongs to the field of health-care food. The compound amino acid health product is prepared from the following raw materials in parts by weight: 2.5-3 parts of L-alanine, 4.5-5 parts of L-glutamic acid, 10 parts of fructose, 15-20 parts of oligoisomaltose, 0.002-0.003 part of vitamin C, 0.0006-0.0008 part of vitamin B1, 0.0002-0.0004 part of vitamin B2, 0.0003-0.0004 part of vitamin B6, 0.0001 part of vitamin B12 and 8-10 parts of alpha-linolenic acid. The invention also provides a preparation method of the compound amino acidhealth product. The compound amino acid health product has a scientific formula and obvious mutual synergistic effects among the components, and has the effects of improving the immunity of human bodies, reducing blood fat, preventing cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, relieving fatigue, enhancing physical strength, protecting eyesight, benefiting intelligence, delaying senescence, dispelling the effects of alcohol and protecting liver, and the like.

The invention discloses a diluent for a hematology analyzer. The diluent contains 1-10g / L of sodium chloride, 1-10g / L of sodium sulfate, 1-20g / L of a buffer agent, 0.1-1g / L of an antibacterial agent, 0.1-1.0 g / L of a complexing agent and 0.01-0.1 g / L of a low-foaming surfactant. The diluent is capable of preventing hemolysis, wherein the buffer agent has the effects of maintaining the pH value of a detection environment and enhancing the stability of a detection result, the antibacterial agent prevents the growth of bacteria in the diluent, and the preservation time is longer, and the complexing agent prevents the blood sample from coagulating in the diluent; besides, the low-foam surfactant improves the surface tension of a reaction system and prevents the blood sample and a detection reagent from remaining in a detection pool and a pipeline under the conditions that the blood sample is not hemolyzed in the diluent and no bubbles influencing the detection result are generated in the diluent adding process, so that the instrument is prevented from hole blocking.

The invention provides a hemodialyzer and a hemodialysis system applying the hemodialyzer. The hemodialyzer comprises a tube body, a hollow fiber membrane arranged in the tube body; a first cover body arranged at the blood inlet end in the tube body; a second cover body arranged at the bleeding end in the tube body, wherein the blood inlet end is opposite to the bleeding end; and a hydrophilic material layer formed on the inner surface of the first cover body and / or the inner surface of the second cover body. The hydrophilic material layer is formed on the inner surface of the cover body, so that substances such as cells and proteins in blood are not easy to attach to the inner surface of the cover body. In addition, a hydrophilic material layer can be formed on the inner surface of the blood pipeline connected to the cover body, so that substances such as cells and proteins in the blood are not easy to attach to the inner surface of the blood pipeline. Therefore, the blood coagulation phenomenon can be avoided in the hemodialysis process, and the safety of hemodialysis is ensured.

The blood collection device for hemodialysis nursing provided by the invention effectively solves the problems that a medical worker manually shakes a blood collection tube, so that the wrist of the medical worker is painful, and bacteria are easily adsorbed on the outer wall of the blood collection tube; and the problem that an existing clamping device cannot meet the requirements of different blood collection tube specifications is solved. Comprising a collection box, a positioning plate is fixedly installed in the collection box, a plurality of swing holes are formed in the positioning plate, lifting plate rings located below the swing holes are installed in the collection box in an up-down sliding mode, and a driving belt wheel, a driving conveying belt, a soft belt, an auxiliary plate, a vertical push plate and an arc-shaped push plate are used in cooperation. According to the blood collection device, the collection tube can shake or swing back and forth, and blood in the collection tube can be prevented from being coagulated through swinging or shaking, so that the physical strength of medical staff can be saved, wrist pain is avoided, and the working efficiency of the medical staff is correspondingly improved.

The invention discloses a glioma stem cell separation and extraction device and method, and belongs to the technical field of stem cell separation and extraction. The glioma stem cell separation and extraction device comprises an extraction box, and the upper end of the extraction box is rotationally connected with a feeding cylinder; when glioma stem cells are extracted, glioma is flushed firstly, blood coagulation on the surface of the glioma can be flushed cleanly, sewage after flushing can directly flow into a first water outlet pipe, and the situation that sewage remains on the surface of the subsequent glioma due to the fact that water flow after flushing continues to make contact with the subsequent glioma is avoided; according to the invention, the glioma is subjected to secondary cleaning, so that the subsequent extraction of stem cells is influenced, then the glioma is slit, and the glioma is subjected to secondary cleaning in the slitting process, so that the interior of the slit glioma is favorably cleaned, and the influence on the subsequent extraction of stem cells caused by coagulation in the glioma and coagulation left on the surface of the slit glioma is avoided.