64 results about "Alkylphosphate" patented technology

The invention discloses an aluminum electrolytic capacitor special for an electric tool and a preparation method of the aluminum electrolytic capacitor. The method comprises the following steps that a positive electrode guide pin and a negative electrode guide pin are riveted to an anode foil and a cathode foil respectively; placing electrolytic paper between the anode foil and the cathode foil, and winding to form a core package; carrying out baking drying and electrolyte impregnation treatment on the wound core package, and then carrying out packaging and aging; the electrolyte consists of the following components in percentage by mass: 45-60% of a solvent, 25-40% of a solute, 5-15% of an additive and 5-10% of a stabilizer, the solute contains 2-butyl suberic acid; the stabilizer contains alkyl phosphate. According to the preparation method of the aluminum electrolytic capacitor special for the electric tool, the electrolyte formula is optimized, oxidation hydrolysis of the electrode foil and the oxidation film is effectively inhibited, the ion migration resistance is reduced, the polarization phenomenon is reduced, the loss value and the equivalent series resistance (ESR) of the obtained capacitor are remarkably reduced, the ripple resistance is improved, and the aluminum electrolytic capacitor is suitable for the electric tool.

The invention discloses a special spinning oil agent for PEEK fine denier monofilament, which comprises the following components in percentage by mass: 35-65% of smoothing agent, which is prepared by mixing heat-resistant synthetic ester and polyether modified siloxane according to the mass ratio of (2-5): 1; the composite antistatic agent is formed by mixing alkyl sulfonate and potassium alkyl phosphate according to the mass ratio of 1: (1-2); the compound emulsifier is formed by mixing fatty alcohol-polyoxyethylene ether and castor oil polyoxyethylene ether according to the mass ratio of (1-3): 1; 4-12% of a high temperature resistant additive, which is tricresyl phosphate; 1-6% of a bundling agent which is a polyoxyethylene ether compound; 0.5-4% of a fiber splitting agent, which is a siloxane derivative; the functional additive is prepared by mixing a hindered phenol antioxidant and nano silicon dioxide according to the mass ratio of (1-3): 1; and 5-15% of deionized water. The high-temperature-resistant antistatic emulsion has the advantages of excellent high-temperature resistance, antistatic effect and emulsion stability.

The invention provides a gas engine lubricating oil composition and a preparation method thereof. The gas engine lubricating oil composition of the present invention comprises: (A) an alkyl phosphate compound; (B) alkylated diphenylamine; (C) a polyisobutylene succinic acid pentaerythritol ester dispersing agent; (D) a salicylate and / or sulfonate; (E) zinc dialkyl dithiophosphate; (F) an oil-soluble organic molybdenum friction modifier; (G) a metal corrosion inhibitor; (H) a pour point depressant; (I) a major amount of a lubricating base oil. The gas engine lubricating oil composition disclosed by the invention has excellent high-temperature oxidation resistance, cleaning performance, extreme pressure anti-wear performance and anti-corrosion performance.

The invention belongs to the technical field of fiber processing treatment, and particularly relates to an antistatic agent, a synthesis method, a fiber spinning oil composition and application. The invention provides a novel alkyl phosphate antistatic agent. The novel alkyl phosphate antistatic agent contains two N-containing groups and a carbonyl group. Researches show that the antistatic agent has better antistatic effects, including reduction of broken filament number, volume specific resistance and static half-life period, compared with alkyl sodium sulfonate and other alkyl phosphate antistatic agents, and the required concentration is reduced, so that the consumption of phosphorus-containing substances is reduced, and the environmental pollution is reduced.

The invention relates to the technical field of industrial gear lubricating oil, in particular to an industrial gear oil composition. The composition comprises the following components in percentage by weight: 10%-30% of rerefined base oil, 5%-40% of synthetic ester or bio-ester base oil, 20%-70% of second-class mineral base oil, 1.0%-5.0% of an anti-wear composite additive and 5.0%-10.0% of a viscosity index improver, wherein the synthetic ester or bio-ester base oil is selected from one or more of diisononanoic acid ester, trimethylolpropane ester, pentaerythritol ester or rapeseed oil ester; the anti-wear composite additive comprises 5.0%-9.9% of trialkyl phosphate, 1.0%-4.9% of alkyl borate or alkyl boric acid polyether, 1.0%-4.9% of alkenyl amine and the balance of mineral oil; the viscosity index improver is a star type or comb type polymethacrylate polymer.

The invention relates to potassium alkyl phosphate as well as a preparation method and application thereof, and the potassium alkyl phosphate is prepared by taking aminophosphonic acid and 1, 2-alkylene oxide as reaction raw materials. The alkyl phosphate salt provided by the invention contains more than two hydrophobic tail chains and hydrophilic head groups, so that the aggregation capacity of the alkyl phosphate salt in an aqueous solution is effectively improved, the alkyl phosphate salt is arranged more tightly in a fiber surface adsorption layer, and higher surface / interface activity is shown; meanwhile, the hydrophilic head group of the potassium phosphate carries negative charges and contains hydroxyl, intramolecular hydrogen bonds and intermolecular hydrogen bonds are easily formed, the hydration effect is good, and the electrostatic conduction efficiency is effectively improved. After the potassium alkyl phosphate provided by the invention acts on chemical fibers, especially polyester staple fibers, the fibers can be endowed with excellent antistatic property under the condition of lower dosage, and the pollution to the water environment is reduced while the cost of a fiber auxiliary agent is reduced.

The invention relates to an oiling agent for chemical fiber spinning and a preparation method and application of the oiling agent. The oiling agent comprises novel oligomeric potassium alkyl sulfate, a nonionic surfactant, an emulsifier, solvent oil and water. The emulsion formed by dissolving the novel oligomeric alkyl sulfate potassium salt oil agent in water has excellent stability, and does not have obvious phase separation phenomena such as sinking and floating after standing at room temperature for 56h. When the oiling agent for chemical fiber spinning disclosed by the invention is applied to the field of chemical fiber production, chemical fibers can be endowed with excellent antistatic property and smoothness, so that the spinnability of the chemical fibers is better; and the oiling agent belongs to a green phosphorus-free formula, so that the spinnability index of chemical fibers is guaranteed, and the pollution of discharged water to the environment is reduced.

The invention discloses a halogen-free alkyl phosphate oligomer organic flame retardant and a synthesis method, the halogen-free alkyl phosphate oligomer flame retardant (PNX) is a phosphate oligomer, is often used as an additive flame retardant of polyurethane foam, and has the advantages of no halogen, high phosphorus content, high flame retardant efficiency, low VOC (volatile organic compound) value and the like. The flame retardant is synthesized by the following method: firstly, pre-cooling phosphorus oxychloride, then slowly dropwise adding ethanol in a negative pressure state, and heating for reaction to obtain an ethyl dichlorophosphate intermediate; slowly dropwise adding the ethyl dichlorophosphate intermediate into one third of precooled ethylene glycol, stirring, heating and reacting for a period of time, continuously dropwise adding the rest ethyl dichlorophosphate, reacting for a period of time, and dropwise adding ethanol for blocking to obtain a PNX product. The method has the advantages of simple synthesis process, mild conditions, fast reaction, common and easily available raw materials, no use of a catalyst, no introduction of metal ions, and no need of post-treatment. The large-scale industrial production is easy to realize.

To provide a protective layer printing ink for heat-sensitive recording media, and a heat-sensitive recording medium obtained using the ink and exhibiting excellent print preservation and thermal head matching properties.SOLUTION: A protective layer printing ink for heat-sensitive recording media comprises a binder, a slipperiness imparting agent, and a solvent, wherein the binder is a polyvinyl acetal resin, and the slipperiness imparting agent is an alkyl phosphate ester and / or a salt thereof. Also provided is a heat-sensitive recording medium that includes a protective layer formed using the protective layer printing ink on at least a part of one or both surfaces of a support.SELECTED DRAWING: None

The invention discloses an imidazolyl lipid assembly as well as a preparation method and application thereof, and relates to the technical field of biomedical materials. The preparation method comprises the following steps: mixing diphenyl phosphate, alcohol and pyridine, and heating for reaction to obtain alkyl phosphate; mixing N, N-diethylethylenediamine, 5-imidazole formaldehyde and a solvent, carrying out a heating reaction in a protective atmosphere, then adding the alkyl phosphate, and continuing the heating reaction to obtain an imidazolyl lipid molecule; dissolving the imidazolyl lipid molecules in an organic solvent to obtain a mother solution; the imidazolyl lipid assembly is obtained from the mother liquor through a film hydration method. The imidazole-based lipid assembly constructed by the invention can utilize the imidazole group to destroy the normal structure of bacteria under the condition of no antibiotic load, and utilizes the catalytic action of the imidazole group to complete the destroy of a biological membrane matrix and an inflammation activation medium, so that the synergism of antibiosis and anti-inflammation is realized, and the imidazole-based lipid assembly has the effect of buffering local acidic pH.

DEPCT66 This invention addresses the problem of improving water repellency and protective properties. The generation of static electricity in synthetic fibers and the improvement of the stability of solutions of substances. The treatment of short fibers, the substance of the treatment of short fibers will have the following components (A), The following component (B), and the following component (C) are compounds. Esters of monohydric alcohols containing C12-22 hydrocarbons and fatty acids. Monovalent hydrocarbons with C12-22 group components (B) are at least one selectable type. Among the alkyl phosphate ester salts containing the C16-22 alkyl group and alkyl phosphate salts. Esters containing a C4-8 alkyl group (C) are of at least one selectable type from fatty acids. Containing C12-22 hydrocarbon groups and their salts. -----------------------------------------------------------

Provided are: a paper treatment agent which is capable of imparting a smooth feeling unique to a gel by forming a gel on a coated paper and thereby preserving moisture derived from the treatment agent in the paper; a paper using the paper treatment agent; and a method for improving the texture of the paper. The paper treating agent contains (A) a polyol, (B) at least one selected from among alkyl phosphate salts having 6-28 carbon atoms in an alkyl group and polyoxyalkylene alkyl ether phosphate salts, and (C) water, wherein the content of the (C) water is more than 10% by mass but less than 40% by mass.

Aqueous compositions include a binder; and a C4 to C15 alkyl phosphate having a monoester content at a percent by weight (wt%) of the total alkyl phosphate of 85 wt% or more, at a percent by weight (wt%) of the binder ranging from 0.1 wt% to 2.0 wt%. Methods include applying an aqueous composition to a substrate, the aqueous composition including a binder, and a C4 to C15 alkyl phosphate having a monoester content at a percent by weight (wt%) of the total alkyl phosphate of 85 wt% or more; curing the aqueous composition to form a cured coating.

The invention relates to the field of flame retardants, and particularly discloses a multi-layer coated ceramic flame retardant as well as a preparation method and application thereof. The invention relates to a preparation method of a multilayer coated ceramic flame retardant, which comprises the following steps: (1) adding alkyl phosphate diethanolamine salt into water, and uniformly stirring to prepare a mixed solution; (2) adding wollastonite fibers into the mixed solution, and uniformly stirring to obtain a blended solution; (3) filtering, drying and grinding the blended solution to obtain mixed powder; and (4) adding the mixed powder into dipropylene glycol dimethyl ether, uniformly stirring, adding fatty alcohol-polyoxyethylene ether phosphate and boron phosphide, uniformly stirring, filtering, drying, and crushing to obtain the multilayer coated ceramic flame retardant. The multilayer coated ceramic flame retardant can be used for wire and cable materials, and has the advantages of good flame retardant property and high ceramic body strength after ceramization; in addition, the preparation method provided by the invention has the advantages that the flame retardant is easy to disperse and the flame retardant property is outstanding.

The present invention is a composition comprising a) an aqueous dispersion of polymer particles optionally functionalized with a phosphorus acid monomer and having a z-average particle size as measured using dynamic light scattering in the range of from 50 nm to 500 nm; b) a salt of iodic acid; c) a C8-C10-alkyl phosphate or sulfate; with the proviso that when the polymer particles are not functionalized with the phosphorus acid monomer, the composition further comprises d) a hydrotrope. The composition of the present invention provides a way of preserving a latex against microbial growth in the absence of a biocide.

This invention provides a polishing composition and a polishing method using the same, which can increase the polishing speed of silicon-containing materials, have a high selectivity ratio of silicon-containing materials to other materials (e.g., nitride materials), and maintain the stability of the composition. [Solution] The polishing composition has a surface modified with a silane coupling agent, has a positive surface potential, has an average secondary particle diameter of 45 nm or more and 100 nm or less, and has a silanol group density of 0.0 / nm 2 Larger than 3.0 particles / nm 2 The following abrasive particles, a surfactant which is an alkyl phosphate with 6 to 18 carbon atoms, and an aqueous dispersion medium are included.

The invention discloses a micromolecular oil-based gel breaker as well as a preparation method and application thereof, and belongs to the technical field of product oil pipeline maintenance. The micromolecular oil-based gel breaker is selected from one or two of the following effective components in parts by weight: 1-10 parts of triethanolamine, 1-10 parts of sodium persulfate, 1-10 parts of sodium hydrogen sulfate and 1-10 parts of sodium sulfite, and 80-100 parts of water is used as a solvent. Compared with the existing gel breaker, the small molecule oil-based gel breaker has the advantages that the gel breaking time is shortened by 30-50%, and the shortest time can reach 15 minutes; by using weak acid and weak base, the corrosion to the carbon steel pipeline is low; meanwhile, the gel breaker mainly aims at phosphate aluminum salt gel and alkyl phosphate gel left in the pipeline, depends on the acid-base effect and the oxidation-reduction effect to act respectively or achieve the chemical synergistic effect, the formula of the gel breaker can be selected according to actual requirements, and the pertinence is high; the gel breaker provided by the invention also has the advantages of excellent environmental friendliness and controllable cost.

The application provides a flame retardant, a flame-retardant nylon fabric, a preparation method and application thereof, and belongs to the technical field of flame retardants. The flame retardant comprises the following components: alkyl phosphate, sulfur / nitrogen-based compound, melamine and solvent; the alkyl phosphate is aliphatic or aromatic containing 1-18 carbon atoms; the ester group in the alkyl phosphate is a mono- or poly-ester containing 1-12 carbon atoms; the sulfur / nitrogen-based compound is a compound containing sulfonic acid group and amino group simultaneously. The flame retardant prepared by the application is used for impregnation treatment of nylon fabric. With the help of phosphate groups, sulfonic acid groups and amino groups in the flame retardant, in the combustion process, a non-volatile phosphoric acid layer is generated to cover the surface of the fabric to isolate oxygen, and a large amount of non-combustible gas is generated to reduce the oxygen concentration, thereby hindering the combustion of the fabric. The prepared flame-retardant nylon fabric has a limiting oxygen index of 35.1-42.4%, reaches the non-combustible standard, has excellent flame-retardant performance, and the melt dripping phenomenon is obviously improved.

The application discloses an aluminum nitride powder and a preparation method thereof, relates to the technical field of ceramics, and solves the technical problem of poor dispersibility, low purity and low activity of AlN powder prepared by an existing method; the application comprises the following steps: adding Al(OH)3, biochar, a monoalkyl phosphate and a phosphate compound into a solvent according to a mass ratio of (70-90):(5-20):(0.1-3):(0.1-5) and uniformly dispersing the mixture by ultrasonic dispersion to form a mixed slurry; the mixed slurry is dried by spray drying to prepare a precursor powder; the precursor powder is pre-burned at 600-900 DEG C under a nitrogen atmosphere, and then high-temperature reaction is carried out by increasing the temperature to 1400-1700 DEG C to obtain the aluminum nitride powder; the aluminum nitride powder prepared by the method has the characteristics of high dispersibility, low oxygen content, low carbon residue and high reaction activity.

An oil-in-water emulsion composition comprising: (A) an inorganic powder treated with a monoalkyl phosphate ester; (B) polyoxyethylene hydrogenated castor oil; and (C) an acrylamide thickener.

The invention discloses diesel-based gel as well as a preparation method and application thereof, and belongs to the technical field of oilfield chemical agent preparation. The diesel oil-based gel is prepared from the following components in parts by weight: 90 to 110 parts of diesel oil, 1.8 to 2.2 parts of alkyl phosphate, 0.12 to 0.15 part of sodium metaaluminate and 0.01 to 0.04 part of soluble ferric iron salt. According to the preparation method, sodium metaaluminate is taken as a cross-linking agent, and soluble ferric iron salt is taken as a cross-linking promoting agent, so that a synergistic cross-linking effect between aluminum ions and ferric ions is formed, the gelling speed is remarkably increased, and the gelling performance, the mechanical strength and the stability of gel are further improved; meanwhile, the optimal mass ratio of sodium metaaluminate to alkyl phosphate is determined to be 1: 15.2, and the optimal addition amount of ferric trichloride is 1.4 wt% of the mass of alkyl phosphate, so that the brittleness problem under a high crosslinking ratio and the problem of insufficient elasticity under a low crosslinking ratio are effectively solved, and the gel has good strength and hanging performance.

The present invention provides a short fiber treatment agent that can improve the stability of the short fiber treatment agent, and can improve the water repellency and antistatic properties imparted to the fiber by the short fiber treatment agent. The short fiber treatment agent of the present invention is characterized by containing component (A) described below, component (B) described below, and component (C) described below, and the nonvolatile components of the short fiber treatment agent contain 5% by mass or more to 50% by mass or less of component (A), 30% by mass or more to 75% by mass or less of component (B), and 2% by mass or more to 15% by mass or less of component (C). Component (A) is an alkyl phosphate salt having an alkyl group with 1 to 5 carbon atoms. Component (B) is a paraffin wax. Component (C) is a polyoxyalkylene polyol fatty acid ester.

A waterborne external release agent for producing ligno-cellulose composites such as oriented strand board (OSB), particle board (PB) and medium density fiberboard (MDF), which employ isocyanate-based adhesives such as pMDI is provided. The release agent as a formulation includes effective amounts of at least one tertiary ethoxylated fatty amine, effective amounts at least one of an acidic alkyl phosphate ester and an acidic phosphate ester ethoxylate, or combinations thereof, with the balance water. The formulation can also include a defoamer and a nonionic surfactant. The formulation can be applied to mats and / or metal platens when making the ligno-cellulosic composites, wherein the effective amounts of the at least one tertiary ethoxylated fatty amine and the at least one of an acidic alkyl phosphate ester and an acidic phosphate ester ethoxylate, or combinations thereof provide improved release properties, corrosion inhibition for metal surfaces, and minimum film build up when making ligno-cellulosic composites.

The invention discloses an epoxy asphalt reaction type phosphorus-silicon flame retardant, epoxy asphalt concrete and a preparation method of the epoxy asphalt reaction type phosphorus-silicon flame retardant. The epoxy asphalt reactive phosphorus-silicon flame retardant contains a diepoxy group and a phosphorus-silicon synergistic skeleton, so that the limit oxygen index of epoxy asphalt can be greatly improved, meanwhile, good mechanical properties are kept, and the migration rate of the flame retardant is reduced. Compared with the existing reaction type phosphorus-silicon flame retardant, the phosphorus-silicon flame retardant has better flame retardant property, is used for preparing epoxy asphalt concrete, not only improves the flame retardant property, but also can further improve the mechanical property and pavement performance of the asphalt concrete, and is suitable for traffic infrastructure, building municipal engineering, special industrial facilities and other key scenes. According to the method, the silane coupling agent hydrolysate and the alkyl phosphate are subjected to phosphorylation reaction, then epoxy chloropropane is used for blocking, the preparation process is simple, no halogen or heavy metal participates in the preparation process, and the method conforms to European Union REACH regulations and domestic low-toxicity and low-harm building material standards.

The invention relates to the technical field of asphalt pavement materials, and discloses a preparation method of a high-flexibility warm mixing liquid for a low-carbon cold construction asphalt pavement material, and the preparation method comprises the following preparation steps: 1) preparing initial grease from animal fat; 2) stirring and mixing the initial grease and a sulfuric acid solution to obtain a supernatant; 3) adding an ethylene-propylene polycondensation emulsion and dialkyl phosphate into the supernatant to form a mixed solution; 4) adding sodium oxide powder into the centrifuged mixed solution to obtain a precipitate; 5) stirring and mixing the precipitate and a hydrochloric acid solution to form a stirred solution; (6) standing the stirring liquid for a set time until the stirring liquid is layered, and forming upper-layer liquid at the upper part of the stirring liquid; 7) collecting supernatant liquid, and performing ultraviolet searchlighting treatment on the supernatant liquid to form high-flexibility warm mixing liquid; through unique process and component selection, the flexibility, stability and environmental protection property of the warm mixing liquid are improved, and the quality of the warm mixing liquid is integrally improved.

The application discloses an epoxy asphalt reactive phosphorus-silicon flame retardant, an epoxy asphalt concrete and a preparation method thereof. The epoxy asphalt reactive phosphorus-silicon flame retardant contains a double epoxy group and a phosphorus-silicon synergistic skeleton, can greatly improve the limiting oxygen index of the epoxy asphalt, maintains good mechanical properties, and reduces the migration rate of the flame retardant. Compared with existing reactive phosphorus-silicon flame retardants, the epoxy asphalt reactive phosphorus-silicon flame retardant has better flame retardant performance, is used for preparing the epoxy asphalt concrete, improves the flame retardant performance of the epoxy asphalt concrete, and further improves the mechanical properties and road performance of the asphalt concrete, and is suitable for key scenes such as traffic infrastructure, building municipal engineering and special industrial facilities. The epoxy asphalt reactive phosphorus-silicon flame retardant is prepared through a phosphorylation reaction of a silane coupling agent hydrolysis product and an alkyl phosphate, and then end-capped by epoxy chloropropane, the preparation process is simple, no halogen and heavy metal are involved, and the epoxy asphalt reactive phosphorus-silicon flame retardant meets the EU REACH regulation and the domestic 'low toxicity and low harm' building material standard.

A composition includes phosphate esters, such as alkyl and aryl phosphate esters, with very low to no triphenyl phosphate (TPP) contents. Methods to synthesize phosphate esters with the goal of controlling TPP to be less than 0.1%, sharply reducing the potential toxicity of products including phosphate esters, are also disclosed.

Title: Wax-in-water emulsion with a non-polar, non-volatile hydrocarbon oil, a C12-C20 monoalkyl phosphate neutralized by a base, a fatty alcohol, a pullulan, a latex, and a pigment. This application relates to a skincare and / or makeup composition for keratinous materials, such as skin, particularly the eye contour, eyelash contour, and eyebrow contour; keratinous fibers such as eyelashes and eyebrows, in the form of an emulsion, particularly wax-in-water, comprising, preferably in a physiologically acceptable medium: a) an aqueous phase, and b) at least one oily phase dispersed in the aqueous phase, comprising i) at least one wax; and ii) at least one non-polar, non-volatile hydrocarbon oil; and iii) at least one fatty alcohol; etc.; at least one C12-C20 monoalkyl phosphate, partially or totally neutralized by a base; and d) at least one pullulan.ete) film-forming polymer particles suspended in the aqueous phase; etf) at least one pigment;

The invention relates to the technical field of horizontal copper deposition, in particular to copper deposition liquid for horizontal copper deposition of a PCB and a preparation method of the copper deposition liquid, water serves as a solvent, and the copper deposition liquid is prepared from, by concentration, 15-30 g / L of soluble copper salt, 10-30 g / L of a reducing agent, 0.45-0.55 g / L of a stabilizer, 0.5-0.8 g / L of a conditioning agent, 30-60 g / L of an activating agent, 3-5 g / L of an accelerating agent and 4-8 g / L of a surface active agent. The component A is composed of 1, 2, 4-thiadiazole, thiourea and ethidene diamine according to a weight ratio of (2-4): (3-5): 1; the surface active agent is composed of alkyl phosphate and octylphenol polyoxyethylene ether according to the medium-grain ratio of (4-8): 3, through the synergistic effect of all the components in the formula, the copper deposition quality is improved, the thickness uniformity of a copper layer is improved, copper deposition at the bottom of a hole is sufficient, the problems that copper deposition at the bottom of the hole is insufficient and the thickness of the copper layer is not uniform are solved, and the copper deposition quality is improved. And the manufacturing requirements of high-density and high-precision PCBs are met.

The invention discloses aluminum nitride powder and a preparation method thereof, relates to the technical field of ceramics, and solves the technical problems that AlN powder prepared by an existing method is relatively poor in dispersity and relatively low in purity and activity. The preparation method comprises the following steps: adding Al (OH) 3, biochar, monoalkyl phosphate and a phosphate compound into a solvent according to a mass ratio of (70-90): (5-20): (0.1-3): (0.1-5), and performing ultrasonic dispersion to form uniform mixed slurry; performing spray drying on the mixed slurry to prepare precursor powder; pre-sintering the precursor powder at 600-900 DEG C in a nitrogen atmosphere, and then raising the temperature to 1400-1700 DEG C for high-temperature reaction to obtain aluminum nitride powder; the aluminum nitride powder prepared by the method has the characteristics of high dispersity, low oxygen content, low carbon residue and high reaction activity.