77 results about "Electron excitation" patented technology

This invention provides an electromagnetic field detector, a system comprising the electromagnetic field detector, and a method of operating an electromagnetic field detector, the electromagnetic field detector comprising a first optical signal interface configured to receive, from one or more remote optical sources, a first optical signal; an electromagnetic field transmitter configured to transmit a local oscillator electromagnetic field generated from the first optical signal, the electromagnetic field transmitter comprising: a photocurrent generator configured to generate a photocurrent from the first optical signal; and an antenna interface configured to supply the photocurrent to an antenna to transmit the local oscillator electromagnetic field; a second optical signal interface configured to receive, from the one or more remote optical sources, a probe optical signal and a coupling optical signal; and a transmission medium configured to be excited by the probe optical signal and further excited by the coupling optical signal, wherein the probe optical signal has a probe frequency set to excite electrons of the transmission medium to a first excited state and the coupling optical signal has a coupling frequency set to excite electrons of the transmission medium to a predetermined Rydberg state so as to induce an Electromagnetic Induced Transparency, EIT, effect, wherein the transmission medium is further configured to receive a phase-modulated electromagnetic field from a remote transmitter and the local oscillator electromagnetic field such that the combination of the phase-modulated electromagnetic field and the local oscillator electromagnetic field causes a change in the probe optical signal from which a phase state of the phase-modulated electromagnetic field can be detected.

The invention relates to an electron source, a preparation method of the electron source, an electron gun and application of the electron source. The electron source comprises an optical fiber and an electron emission layer, the optical fiber comprises a fiber core used for transmitting laser and a wrapping layer wrapping the fiber core, and the end face of the light outlet end of the optical fiber and the extending direction of the fiber core are arranged at an angle. The electron emission layer is arranged on the end face of the light emitting end of the optical fiber, and the electron emission layer at least comprises an electron excitation layer covering the fiber core. The electron excitation layer comprises at least one of a zero-dimensional material, a one-dimensional material and a two-dimensional material. Low-dimensional materials such as zero-dimensional materials, one-dimensional materials or two-dimensional materials are adopted as materials of the electron excitation layer, the low-dimensional materials have the atomic-scale thickness, back-incident electrons can be emitted without in-vivo transmission, and the electron emission efficiency is high; and the low-dimensional material has the characteristics of no dangling bond, stable property, high melting point, difficulty in damage, good stability, long service life and the like.

The diamond member has a rake face and a flank. The ridge between the rake face and the flank forms a cutting edge. The arithmetic mean roughness of the rake face is 0.1 μm or more and 1.0 μm or less. The diamond member is measured for energy loss associated with the excitation of K-shell electrons of carbon by electron energy loss spectroscopy using a transmission electron microscope. The energy loss is used to measure the π bond originating from the carbon π bond in the graphite phase. * The intensity of the peaks and the σ due to the σ bond of carbon in the graphite phase and the diamond phase are * The peak intensity is calculated. * The peak intensity is σ * Divide the value by the peak intensity to obtain I π* / I σ* When the diamond material on the surface of the rake face is π* / I σ* is between 0.2 and 2.

The utility model relates to the technical field of electron sources, and provides an electron source and an electron gun, and the electron source comprises an optical fiber assembly, an electron emitter and an installation member. Wherein the optical fiber assembly comprises an optical fiber, the electron emitter comprises an electron excitation layer, the electron excitation layer is arranged on a laser emitting path of the optical fiber, and laser emitted by the optical fiber can directly irradiate the electron excitation layer, so that the electron excitation layer is excited by the laser and emits electrons; the electron excitation layer comprises at least one of a zero-dimensional material, a one-dimensional material and a two-dimensional material. And the mounting piece is arranged between the optical fiber assembly and the electron emitter and is used for detachably connecting the optical fiber assembly and the electron emitter. The electron source is simple in structure, and the electron emitter and the optical fiber are convenient to disassemble and replace.

The invention belongs to the technical field of photoconductive switches, and particularly relates to a phonon auxiliary absorption photoconductive switch and a pulse power system. According to the invention, the main excitation path of electrons is changed, that is, the main path of electron excitation in a photoconductive switch (PCSS) is changed into phonon-assisted inter-band transition from impurity energy level-assisted transition, so that bulk excitation with high photon-generated carrier concentration on the PCSS is realized, a large number of photon-generated carriers are relatively uniformly distributed in a conducting channel of the PCSS, and the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the PCSS is improved. And the voltage conversion efficiency of the PCSS can be obviously improved. In addition, the method can be widely and universally used for the PCSS based on the semiconductor material, and the voltage conversion efficiency of the PCSS based on various semiconductor materials is improved.

The invention provides an electron source, which comprises an optical fiber, a conductive connection layer and an electron excitation layer, the conductive connection layer is arranged on the outer surface of the optical fiber, the electron excitation layer is arranged on a laser light emitting path of the optical fiber and is electrically connected with the conductive connection layer, and the electron emission layer comprises the electron excitation layer which is electrically connected with the conductive connection layer. The electron excitation layer comprises a one-dimensional material and a zero-dimensional material, and laser emitted by the optical fiber can directly irradiate the electron emission layer, so that the electron excitation layer is excited by the laser and emits electrons. The electron source provided by the invention is long in service life and good in stability.

The application provides an electron source and a preparation method and application thereof. The electron source comprises an optical fiber, a conductive connecting layer and an electron emission layer. The conductive connecting layer is arranged on the outer surface of the optical fiber. The electron emission layer comprises an electron excitation layer electrically connected with the conductive connecting layer. The electron excitation layer comprises at least one layer of two-dimensional material. The electron excitation layer is arranged on the laser emission path of the optical fiber, and the laser emitted by the optical fiber can directly irradiate on the electron excitation layer, so that the electron excitation layer is excited by the laser and emits electrons. The two-dimensional material as the material of the electron emission layer has the characteristics of good stability and long service life. Moreover, the two-dimensional material can be directly integrated with the optical fiber. The optical fiber can provide a stable excitation source with adjustable wavelength, polarization and optical mode, and can be applied to different application scenarios.

The magnetron comprises a tube body, an electron source, a magnetic pole group and an anode assembly, a vacuum chamber is arranged in the tube body, the electron source comprises an optical fiber and an electron emission layer, the electron emission layer at least comprises an electron excitation layer, and the electron excitation layer is arranged on a light emitting path of laser emitted by the optical fiber. The electron excitation layer can emit electron beams under the excitation of laser; the electron excitation layer comprises at least one of a zero-dimensional material, a one-dimensional material and a two-dimensional material, the magnetic pole set is annularly arranged on the outer wall of the tube body and used for providing a preset magnetic field located in a plane perpendicular to the axial direction of the optical fiber for electrons emitted by the electron source, and the anode assembly is arranged in the vacuum cavity and is opposite to the light emitting end of the optical fiber at an interval; the anode is provided with a resonant cavity communicated with the vacuum cavity, and a preset electric field is arranged between the anode assembly and the electron emission layer, so that electrons emitted by the electron emission layer can penetrate into the resonant cavity and oscillate under the preset electric field to generate electromagnetic waves.

The four-dimensional electron microscope comprises a light source assembly, an electron source, an electron optical assembly and a detector, and the light source assembly is used for emitting pulse laser. The electron source comprises an excitation optical fiber coupled with the light source assembly and an electron emission layer, the electron emission layer at least comprises an electron excitation layer, and the electron excitation layer is arranged on a light emitting path of pulse laser emitted by the excitation optical fiber so that the electron excitation layer can emit electron beams under excitation of the pulse laser; the electron excitation layer comprises at least one of a zero-dimensional material, a one-dimensional material and a two-dimensional material. The electron optical assembly is arranged on the electron beam emergent side of the electron source, the electron optical assembly is used for adjusting the deflection direction of an electron beam so that the electron beam can be incident on a sample, and the detector is arranged on one side of the sample and used for collecting a reflection electron signal of the electron beam incident on the sample or a transmission electron signal of the electron beam penetrating through the sample.

The invention discloses a diacetylene topological chemical reaction method which comprises the following steps: spin-coating a diacetylene solution on a substrate to form a coating film; and irradiating the coating film by adopting an infrared light source, and reacting to generate polydiacetylene. Compared with side reaction and degradation caused by the fact that high-energy rays enable the material to enter an electron excitation state and material fragmentation caused by severe spatial change of molecules under high polymerization, mid-infrared light vibration excitation in the method serves as a means capable of triggering molecular vibration under an electron ground state, and under the mild condition, the mid-infrared light can be used as a means capable of triggering molecular vibration under the electron ground state. Therefore, various bad effects generated in the electron excitation state can be avoided.

The present invention discloses a supramolecular polymer photocatalyst based on pillar aromatic hydrocarbons. The supramolecular polymer photocatalyst comprises a compound P5 based on pillar aromatic hydrocarbons and a guest G M Self-assembly can be used to catalyze the reduction reaction of p-nitrophenol under the condition of xenon lamp illumination. In the present invention, a supramolecular polymer is formed by self-assembly based on pillar aromatics and guests. Since the oxygen atoms on the π-π stacked ester groups of the guests are the binding sites of hydrogen atoms, under the irradiation of Xe-lamp, the electrons are excited, and the supramolecular polymer can better transfer electrons, thereby improving the catalytic efficiency.

The invention relates to an electron source, a preparation method of the electron source, an electron gun and application of the electron source. The electron source includes an optical fiber and an electron emission layer. The optical fiber comprises a fiber core used for transmitting laser and a wrapping layer wrapping the fiber core. A light leakage notch is formed in the light outlet end of the optical fiber along the radial direction of the optical fiber; the electron emission layer is arranged on the bottom wall surface of the light leakage gap, the electron emission layer at least comprises an electron excitation layer, the bottom wall surface of the light leakage gap is constructed to be a plane, and the projection of the electron excitation layer on the bottom wall surface covers the projection of the fiber core on the bottom wall surface. Low-dimensional materials such as zero-dimensional materials, one-dimensional materials or two-dimensional materials are adopted as materials of the electron excitation layer, the low-dimensional materials have the atomic-scale thickness, excited electrons can be emitted without in-vivo transmission, and the electron emission efficiency is high; and the low-dimensional material has the characteristics of no dangling bond, stable property, high melting point, difficulty in damage, good stability, long service life and the like.

The embodiment of the invention relates to a method and device for determining molecular system energy, equipment and a storage medium. The method comprises: for each fragment in a molecular system, determining a plurality of orbits associated with the fragment, the plurality of orbits including a fragment orbit of the fragment, a first environmental orbit strongly coupled to the fragment, and a second environmental orbit weakly coupled to the fragment; based on the corresponding occupation states of the plurality of tracks, the plurality of tracks are respectively corresponding to the first track space or the second track space, and for the tracks corresponding to the same track space, the occupation state of the second environment track is different from the occupation state of the segment track and the occupation state of the first environment track; selecting a set of target orbits from the plurality of orbits to construct a fragment orbital space of the fragment using reference information related to electron excitation determined based on the first orbital space and the second orbital space; and determining an estimate of system energy of the molecular system based on the fragment orbital spaces of the plurality of fragments.

This invention provides a method of detecting an electromagnetic field, and a device for 5 performing said method, the method comprising the steps of: transmitting a probe signal at a probe frequency in a first probe signal path and a second probe signal path to an optical receiver, wherein the first probe signal path passes through a transmission medium and the probe frequency is set to excite electrons of the transmission medium from a ground state to a first excited state; transmitting a coupling signal at a coupling frequency in a first coupling signal path, wherein the first coupling signal path overlaps with the first probe signal path in the transmission medium in a first overlapping section, wherein the coupling frequency is set to excite electrons of the transmission medium to a predetermined excited state so as to induce an Electromagnetic Induced Transparency, EIT, effect in the transmission medium such that an incident electromagnetic field at the transmission medium causes a change in refractive index in the transmission medium at the first overlapping section such that there is a change in an optical path length difference between the first probe signal path and the second probe signal path; combining the first path of the probe signal, following its passage of the first overlapping section of the transmission medium, with the second path of the probe signal; and monitoring, at the optical receiver, the intensity of the combined first and second paths of the probe signal so as to detect the incident electromagnetic field at the first overlapping section of the transmission medium as a change in the intensity caused by the change in the optical path length difference between the first probe signal path and the second probe signal path.

The present invention provides a high-efficiency welding method for curved / slanted transparent materials, which specifically includes: stacking curved or slanted transparent materials and clamping them with a clamp; outputting an ultrafast laser in a MHz-level high-repetition-rate pulse train mode through the Burst mode of the laser, focusing on a specific position through a focusing mirror and generating a nonlinear optical effect therewith, the laser energy in the focused area is absorbed by the material, resulting in local electron excitation and ionization, forming a high-temperature and high-density plasma; the lower material in the high-temperature area undergoes an electron-ion recombination process, melting and recrystallization occurs, and the upper material is melted by heat conduction heating to achieve efficient mutual fusion and connection; the laser is controlled by a galvanometer to weld along a specified path to form a stable connection interface. The present invention realizes efficient heat accumulation through a long-focal-length galvanometer combined with the Burst mode of the laser, and realizes a molten teardrop structure with a depth of not less than 5 mm, which is efficient and simple and realizes high-quality, high-strength, and high-efficiency welding.

The invention relates to the technical field of preparation of catalysts, in particular to a solar-driven CO2 conversion molten medium catalyst, a preparation method and application of the solar-driven CO2 conversion molten medium catalyst in a CO2 trapping and separating system, and the solar-driven CO2 conversion molten medium catalyst comprises the following preparation steps: S1, preparing a modified carrier; s2, molten metal is heated to be completely molten, modified molten salt is added, stirring is conducted, and emulsion is obtained; and S3, adding the modified carrier and copper acetylacetonate into the emulsion, carrying out ultrasonic-assisted dispersion in a molten state, cooling, soaking in an ionic liquid, and drying to obtain the catalyst. The synergistic effect of light and heat is realized in a melting system through the synergistic effect of the modified carrier and the modified molten salt, so that electron excitation initiated by light energy and surface reaction kinetics promoted by heat energy supplement each other, the overall conversion efficiency of CO2 is greatly improved, the dual functions of efficient trapping and in-situ catalytic conversion are achieved, and the catalyst has a good application prospect. Complex procedures of separation, compression and storage after CO2 capture in a traditional process are omitted, and the process flow is remarkably simplified.

The invention relates to a vacuum gauge which comprises a tube body with a cavity communicated with the external environment, an electron source and a receiving assembly, the electron source comprises an optical fiber and an electron emission layer, the light emitting end of the optical fiber is located in the cavity, the electron emission layer is arranged at the light emitting end of the optical fiber, and the electron emission layer at least comprises an electron excitation layer. The electron excitation layer is arranged on a light emitting path of laser emitted by the optical fiber, so that the electron emission layer can emit electrons under excitation of the laser, gas molecules in the cavity form gas ions with positive charges under collision of the electrons, and the electron excitation layer comprises at least one of a zero-dimensional material, a one-dimensional material and a two-dimensional material; the receiving assembly is arranged in the cavity, the receiving assembly comprises a receiving part and a signal obtaining part, the receiving part and the light emitting end of the optical fiber are oppositely arranged in a spaced mode, and the receiving part is configured to be capable of receiving gas ions with positive charges; the signal obtaining part is connected with the receiving part so as to obtain a corresponding vacuum degree detection signal according to the gas ions received by the receiving part.

The invention relates to the technical field of molecular measurement, in particular to a molecular dynamics measurement method based on quantum coherence control, which comprises the following steps of: acquiring molecular dynamics transition trajectory and electric dipole moment vector data, calculating and recording a transition direction difference scalar, extracting particle momentum change, executing reverse detection to generate a delay trajectory set, and calculating the molecular dynamics transition trajectory and electric dipole moment vector data; the method comprises the following steps of: extracting an included angle cosine value between an electric dipole moment direction vector group and an atomic centroid spacing vector group in electron excited state transition, analyzing an energy level spectrum band offset screening path number, judging transition direction trend matching to obtain a splicable track, and generating a spectrum band interference verification index group. The method comprises the following steps: extracting an included angle cosine value between an electric dipole moment direction vector group and an atomic centroid spacing vector group in electron excited state transition; based on spectral band dynamic screening of energy level numbers, energy gap difference values and transition step length changes, non-continuous changes in the spectral band energy evolution process can be captured with high sensitivity, and the obtained spectral band interference index has the capability of composite evaluation on energy path continuity and direction change consistency.

Provided is a diamond laminate that exhibits an excellent electron emission capability and can form an electrode reaction field with an excellent reducing property. The laminate of the present disclosure includes an electron excitation layer (1) having a diamond crystal structure in which some carbon atoms are substituted with nitrogen atoms, and a conductive layer (2) having a diamond crystal structure in which some carbon atoms are substituted with boron atoms. The nitrogen atom concentration in the layer (1) is preferably 5×1018 atoms / cm3 or greater, and the boron atom concentration in the layer (2) is preferably 1×1019 atoms / cm3 or greater. The thickness of the layer (1) is preferably from 1 nm to 100 μm, and the thickness of the layer (2) is preferably 1 μm or greater.

The invention provides an electron source, an electron gun and application of the electron source, the electron source comprises an optical fiber, a conductive connection layer and an electron emission layer, the conductive connection layer is arranged on the outer surface of the optical fiber, and the electron emission layer comprises an electron excitation layer electrically connected with the conductive connection layer. The electron excitation layer comprises at least one of a zero-dimensional material, a one-dimensional material and a two-dimensional material, the electron excitation layer is arranged on a laser emitting path of the optical fiber, and laser emitted by the optical fiber can directly irradiate the electron emission layer, so that the electron excitation layer is excited by the laser and emits electrons. Low-dimensional materials such as a zero-dimensional material, a one-dimensional material and a two-dimensional material are adopted as materials of the electron excitation layer, and the low-dimensional materials have atomic-scale thickness, are free of dangling bonds and are stable in property, so that the low-dimensional materials have the characteristics of good stability, long service life and the like; moreover, the low-dimensional material can be directly integrated with the optical fiber, and the optical fiber can provide a stable excitation source with adjustable wavelength, polarization and optical mode, and can be suitable for different application scenes.

The present application includes a scanning electron microscope (15), an observation object ion detection unit (20) that detects an observation object ion, an observation object gas supply unit (19) that supplies an observation object gas to an observation object gas pipe (14) connected to the back surface side of a sample (17), a diaphragm type sample holder (12) that can mount the sample (17) as a diaphragm that separates an analysis chamber (11) and the observation object gas pipe (14), and a control unit (50) that acquires a SEM image while supplying the observation object gas and causing the sample to generate stress by a differential pressure between the analysis chamber (11) and the observation object gas pipe (14), detects the observation object gas that diffuses into the sample and escapes to the surface by electron excitation detachment, and acquires an ESD image of the observation object ion, whereby it is possible to investigate the mechanism of a deterioration phenomenon such as a structure material embrittlement phenomenon caused by the observation object gas.

The application provides an electron source and a preparation method and application thereof. The electron source comprises an optical fiber, a conductive connecting layer and an electron emission layer. The electron emission layer comprises an electron excitation layer electrically connected with the conductive connecting layer. The electron excitation layer comprises a three-dimensional nanomaterial. The electron excitation layer is arranged on a laser emission path of the optical fiber. Laser emitted by the optical fiber can directly irradiate on the electron emission layer, so that the electron excitation layer is excited by the laser and emits electrons. The three-dimensional nanomaterial as the material of the electron emission layer has the characteristics of good stability and long service life. The optical fiber can provide a stable excitation source with adjustable wavelength, polarization and optical mode, and can be applied to different application scenarios.

This invention belongs to the field of gas charge detection technology, specifically relating to a method for measuring the gas ionization coefficient and streamer initiation voltage under wide temperature conditions. The steps include: constructing an experimental system comprising an electrode system, a temperature control system, a laser, a single-photon detection and signal processing module, a streamer voltage measurement device, and auxiliary purification equipment; performing temperature control on the low-temperature and high-temperature sections respectively, and initiating initial electron excitation when the set temperature is reached and stabilized; using the laser for initial electron excitation, collecting the number of photons and photon arrival time, and calculating the ionization coefficient; embedding a tungsten needle tip in the center of the upper surface of the grounding electrode, turning off the laser, increasing the voltage, and monitoring the needle tip current; when the current derivative and current amplitude suddenly increase to meet preset conditions, recording the voltage at a certain temperature T as the streamer initiation voltage U. s (T), the average value of Z repeated measurements is taken as the final value of the streamer initiation voltage. This invention can achieve α and U over a wide temperature range. s High-precision, high-sensitivity measurement.

The invention discloses a detection method and device based on femtosecond laser-plasma collaborative excitation, and the method comprises the steps: controlling a laser to emit a beam of femtosecond pulse laser, and splitting the femtosecond pulse laser into three beams of pulse laser; the three laser beams are focused to form a femtosecond filament, the filament contains high-density free electrons, and optical excitation and electronic excitation exist. Two beams are modulated to form a plasma grating, and optical excitation and electronic excitation are enhanced at the same time; adjusting the space-time matching of the third beam of light and the plasma grating, enhancing the synergistic excitation effect, and forming plasmas on the surface of the material; and a fluorescence signal emitted by the plasma is collected through the lens group. An electrode material is detected in a femtosecond laser-plasma synergistic excitation mode, and a low thermal effect of femtosecond laser is combined with directional energy deposition of a plasma grating, so that more stable plasma can be generated, continuous background radiation can be reduced, spectral line broadening can be reduced, the characteristic spectral line intensity can be improved, and higher detection precision can be achieved.

The present invention relates to the technical field of resource utilization of trifluoromethane. Provided in the present invention are a method for producing tetrafluoromethane by taking trifluoromethane as a raw material, and a cracking purification device. In the present invention, trifluoromethane is introduced into a thermal plasma reactor, and same is subjected to a cracking reaction at 1500-5000 K to obtain tetrafluoromethane. Compared with conventional pyrolysis by means of a tubular furnace or high-temperature pyrolysis by means of a muffle furnace, the thermal plasma reactor used in the present invention can rely on the synergistic effect of high-temperature and high-activity electrons and heavy particles, such that the electron excitation effect is obvious. The efficient cleavage and directional recombination of chemical bonds in trifluoromethane molecules can be achieved under the condition of not using a catalyst and fluorine gas, the conversion rate of trifluoromethane is high, the selectivity of tetrafluoromethane is high, and the energy consumption is low. In addition, the method provided in the present invention has a short reaction time, a large treatment capacity, and is safe and controllable, the composition of the cracking reaction product is simple, and the method makes it easy to carry out separation and purification, has a low cost and low energy consumption, and is suitable for continuous large-scale industrial production.

The invention relates to the field of electron multiplication sources, and provides an electron multiplication source and application thereof, and the electron multiplication source comprises a tube body with a tube cavity; the electron source comprises an optical fiber and an electron excitation layer; the anode assembly is located on an emergent path of the electron beam, is opposite to the light emergent end of the optical fiber and is arranged at an interval; the dynode group comprises at least one dynode arranged on the cavity wall of the tube cavity; and a power supply assembly. The electron multiplication source has the advantages of being small in size, high in integration degree, good in stability, high in multiplication effect and the like.

The invention relates to the technical field of electron sources, and provides an electron source and a preparation method thereof, and the preparation method comprises the steps: providing a substrate, the substrate comprises a light transmitting layer and an electron excitation layer disposed on the surface of the light transmitting layer, and the material of the electron excitation layer comprises at least one of a zero-dimensional material, a one-dimensional material and a two-dimensional material; forming conductive layers which are arranged side by side at intervals on the electron excitation layer; the substrate with the conducting layer is cut to form a plurality of electron emitters, each electron emitter comprises a light-transmitting layer, an electron excitation layer and a conducting layer, the electron excitation layer and the conducting layer are arranged on the surface of the light-transmitting layer, and the conducting layer in each electron emitter is in contact connection with the electron excitation layer; and connecting one side, provided with the light transmitting layer, of the electron emitter with a laser emitting surface of the optical fiber, and positioning the electron excitation layer on a laser emitting path of the optical fiber to obtain an electron source. Batch preparation of the electron source is realized, and the method is simple and high in efficiency.

The invention belongs to the technical field of gas live detection, and particularly relates to a gas ionization coefficient and streamer initial voltage measurement method under a wide temperature condition, which comprises the following steps: building an experiment system comprising an electrode system, a temperature control system, a laser, a single photon detection and signal processing module, streamer voltage measurement equipment and auxiliary purification equipment; performing temperature control on the low-temperature section and the high-temperature section respectively, and performing initial electron excitation when the set temperature is reached and is stable; performing initial electron excitation by using a laser, collecting the photon number and the photon arrival time, and calculating an ionization coefficient; embedding a tungsten needle tip in the center of the upper surface of the grounding electrode, turning off the laser, boosting, and monitoring the current of the needle tip; and when the sudden increase of the current derivative and the current amplitude meets a preset condition, recording the voltage at a certain temperature T as the stream initial voltage Us (T), repeatedly measuring for Z times, and averaging as the final value of the stream initial voltage. According to the invention, high-precision and high-sensitivity measurement of alpha and Us in a wide temperature range can be realized.

Disclosed is a simulation device for electron-excited atmospheric radiation. An electron gun cavity is connected with a front end of a gas cavity. An electron gun is used for emitting electrons and injecting the electrons into the gas cavity. The electrons collide with gas molecules in the gas cavity to ionize and excite the gas molecules. According to the miniaturized simulation device for electron-excited atmospheric radiation, the device can realize an ionization excitation experiment of high-energy electrons on neutral gas and generate a series of optical radiation phenomena in special scenes. In addition, with the aid of optical observation equipment, optical radiation signals of ionized neutral gas can be obtained, so that radiation laws under different incident electron energies, different radiation intensities and different atmospheric components can be further obtained.

The invention provides a method for detecting photons in a first frequency range, comprising the steps of: exciting a first transmission medium by means of a first detection signal at a first detection frequency, the first detection signal excites electrons of the first transmission medium from a ground state of the first transmission medium to a first excited state of the first transmission medium; the first transmission medium is excited by a first coupling signal at a first coupling frequency, the first coupling signal overlapping the first probe signal in the first transmission medium, and electrons of the first transmission medium are excited to a predetermined excitation state of the first transmission medium. A first photon incident on the first transmission medium in a first frequency range and having a first polarization excites electrons in a predetermined excited state of the first transmission medium into another excited state of the first transmission medium as part of a subsequent de-excitation of the electrons from the another excited state of the first transmission medium. Emitting a first photon in a second frequency range; detecting a first photon in the first frequency range and having a first polarization by detecting the first photon in the second frequency range; exciting the second transmission medium by means of a second detection signal at a second detection frequency, the second detection signal exciting electrons of the second transmission medium from a ground state of the second transmission medium to a first excited state of the second transmission medium; the second transmission medium is excited by a second coupling signal at a second coupling frequency, the second coupling signal overlapping with the second detection signal in the second transmission medium, and electrons of the second transmission medium are excited to a predetermined excitation state of the second transmission medium. The second transmission medium is arranged such that a second photon incident on the second transmission medium in a first frequency range and having a second polarization excites electrons in a predetermined excited state of the second transmission medium into another excited state of the second transmission medium, the electrons being excited as part of a subsequent de-excitation of the electrons in the another excited state of the second transmission medium. Emitting a second photon in a second frequency range; and detecting second photons within the first frequency range and having a second polarization by detecting the second photons within the second frequency range. The invention also provides a detector and a system for realizing the method.