The invention discloses an ordered mesoporous carbon encapsulated carbonized metal catalyst for dehydrogenation of alcohols, and a preparation method of the catalyst, and belongs to the technical fields of industrial catalysis and fine organic chemical engineering. According to the invention, a template agent, tannic acid and a metal source are blended, ball milling and self-assembly are carried out, and then high-temperature carbonization is carried out, so that the ordered mesoporous carbon encapsulated carbonized metal catalyst is prepared. The catalyst is used for preparing aldehydes by adehydrogenation reaction of alcohols without oxidizing agents, excellent catalytic activity and selectivity are obtained, and the catalyst can be simply recycled and reused. The preparation catalyst disclosed by the invention has the advantages that the preparation method of the catalyst is simple and convenient, is easy to operate, is free of solvent, has a high speed and can be used for batch production. More importantly, a unique ordered mesoporous confine structure of the catalyst can effectively accelerate the mass transfer of reaction substrates, and the dissolution and agglomeration ofactive components can also be prevented, so that the catalyst is endowed with excellent catalytic performance.