The invention relates to a treatment method of drilling waste. A treatment device involved in the method is composed of a water washing separator, an impeller, a rock debris discharge opening, a vibrating screen, a water outlet, a pipeline, a first water pump, a first dosing mixer, a microwave reactor, a second water pump, a second dosing mixer, an air floating device, an air floating device slagdischarging port, an air dissolving pump, a third water pump and a magnetizer, wherein rock debris separated from the vibrating screen is washed with water by the water washing separator, the water-washed solid-phase rock debris is subjected to microbial remediation treatment, a small quantity of residual harmful pollutants are further removed, the pollutant content is lower than a specified limitvalue, and then resource reutilization is realized; water-washed liquid-phase sewage is subjected to microwave catalytic oxidation, flocculation and air floatation separation to serve as cleaning water for recycling. The method has the advantages of being simple in process, thorough in pollutant removal, capable of realizing resource utilization, low in treatment cost and the like, and large-scale application can be carried out on a drilling site of an oil and gas field.