The invention discloses a method for preparing a bionic modified bamboo fiber reinforced polybutylene succinate (PBS) composite material. The method comprises the following steps: (1) screening a bamboo fiber, keeping the length less than 380mu m, and performing soaking treatment with a dopamine hydrochloride solution; 2) putting trismetyl aminomethane (Tris) into the soaked mixed system to adjust the pH value to alkalescence, stirring at normal temperature and normal pressure, filtering, and drying so as to obtain a polydopamine modified bamboo fiber of which the water content is less than 1%; and 3) uniformly mixing the modified bamboo fiber with PBS granules in a mass ratio of 1:1 in a high-speed mixing machine, pelletizing in a double-screw extruder, performing compression molding on mixed granules in a hot press, naturally cooling in a cold press, and demolding, thereby obtaining a modified bamboo fiber/PBS composite material. According to the method disclosed by the invention, dopamine has biocompatibility, the fiber is slightly damaged, no complex container is needed in the modification process, the production method is simple and convenient and safe and environmentally friendly, and the mechanical properties of the composite material are remarkably improved.