The invention discloses a preparation method of a p-diethylbenzene catalyst by using high-efficiency alkylation of ethylbenzene, and belongs to the technical field of preparation of catalysts. The preparation method comprises the following steps of mixing a nanometer hydrogen type ZSM-5 molecular sieve, an adhesive and an extrusion additive; adding an inorganic acid solution and modified components of magnesium and phosphor in the kneading process, mixing, peptizing, extruding, forming, and treating by hydrothermal aging, so as to improve the stability of the catalyst; impregnating the modified component of silicon in the carrier by one step, so as to obtain the catalyst, wherein the pore size of the molecular sieve of the catalyst and the acidity at the outer surface are modified, and thereaction property and stability are obviously improved under the synergistic modifying function of magnesium, silicon and phosphor. The preparation method has the advantages that compared with the prior art, the modified components of magnesium and phosphor can be directly lead in the strip extruding process, so that the preparation process is simplified, and the industrial production cost is reduced; after the prepared catalyst is evaluated by a fixed bed miniature reaction device in a laboratory, the selectivity on p-diethylbenzene reaches 98.5%, the conversion rate of ethylbenzene reaches20%, and the stable running period is 350h.