The present invention relates to a composition for preventing white hair, promoting black hair, and preventing, improving or treating vitiligo or hypopigmentation, comprising fructose 1, 6-diphosphate or a salt, a solvate, a stereoisomer or a hydrate thereof as an active ingredient, the invention aims to solve the problem that in the prior art, the influence on the formation of melanin is not large, and the feeling of cutting is not given out. According to the present invention, the composition comprises fructose 1, 6-diphosphate or a salt, solvate, stereoisomer or hydrate thereof, and thus has excellent efficacy in preventing white hair, promoting black hair, and treating vitiligo or hypopigmentation.