The invention belongs to the technical field of preparation of nitrogen-containing compounds, and discloses a method for synthesizing 1,4-substituted 1,2,3-triazole by alkynoic acid multi-components.The method comprises the following steps: adding 1.2 equivalents of a (pseudo) halide, 1.5 equivalents of an azide reagent, 1.0 equivalent of alkynoic acid, 0.1 equivalent of cuprous iodide, 0.2 equivalent of potassium carbonate or potassium hydroxide and a solvent polyethylene glycol 400 into a reaction bottle, and carrying out stirring for a reaction; after the reaction is determined to be finished by thin layer chromatography plate pointing, adding water, adding ethyl acetate for extraction, combining the ethyl acetate, drying the ethyl acetate layer by anhydrous sodium sulfate, and carrying out concentrating under reduced pressure to obtain a crude product; and performing column chromatography to obtain the corresponding 1,4-substituted 1,2,3-triazole. According to the invention, the target product 1,4-substituted 1,2,3-triazole is synthesized in one step; the toxicity of a used catalyst is low, reaction conditions are mild, operation is simple and convenient, the yield is high, cost is low, and the reaction process is green and environmentally friendly; and thus the method is suitable for industrial production.