The invention discloses a low-rank coal vibration separation drying device and method, and belongs to the technical field of drying devices. The device comprises a rack, a box, a feeding opening, hot smoke inlets, an air flow disperser, a vibration exciter, a motor, a connecting shaft, a large-sieve-pore sieve plate, a medium-sieve-pore sieve plate, a small-sieve-pore sieve plate, a suspension spring, discharging openings, gas and dust removing negative-pressure devices and gas-solid separators. After entering the box from the feeding opening, raw coal drops on a sieve surface, wherein the sieve surface is arranged at a dip angle of 5-15 degrees, the aperture of the sieve surface is progressively increased from the feeding opening to the discharging openings, the raw coal is vibrated under the effect of the vibration exciter, and the raw coal on the sieve surface is mixed and is classified. Meanwhile, after passing through the air flow disperser, hot smoke enters the box and dries raw coal with different particle sizes, after being sieved, the completely dried raw coal enters the discharging openings, after passing through the gas and dust removing negative-pressure devices, gas and dust enter the gas-solid separators, therefore, classified drying of particles with different granularities is realized, and problems that coarse particles are dried insufficiently and fine particles are over-dried are avoided.