The invention relates to the field of lentinan, in particular to a rapid extraction method of high-purity lentinan. According to the invention, fresh shiitake mushrooms are subjected to freeze drying, smashing, soaking, flash extraction, centrifugation of an extract, alcohol precipitation, ultrasonic redissolution, centrifugation and freeze drying, so the lentinan is obtained. The method comprises the following specific steps: raw material preparation and pretreatment: weighing fresh shiitake mushrooms, freeze-drying the fresh shiitake mushrooms, and conducting crushing and soaking; flash extraction: putting a mushroom soaking solution into a flash extractor for extraction; centrifuging: centrifuging the extract to obtain a supernatant; alcohol precipitation: adding absolute ethyl alcohol into the extract, and conducting centrifuging to obtain a polysaccharide precipitate; redissolving: adding deionized water into the polysaccharide precipitate, and carrying out ultrasonic dissolving to obtain extractum; and freezing and drying: freezing and drying the extractum to obtain the lentinan. According to the invention, extraction time is short, product purity is high, the extraction efficiency of the lentinan is improved, and application and popularization of the lentinan are facilitated.