The invention discloses a shield tunneling machine duct piece quick dismantling device. The shield tunneling machine duct piece quick dismantling device comprises two lifting frames which are transversely symmetric about the axial line of a tunnel, each lifting frame is provided with a lifting mechanism, the lifting mechanisms comprise hydraulic oil cylinders, slide frames, rotary bases and supporting bases, the hydraulic oil cylinders are fixedly connected with the slide frames, two supporting frames and two rotary bases are arranged, the two rotary bases are fixed to the bottoms of the slide frames, the supporting frames are horizontally hinged to the rotary bases, telescopic oil cylinders are arranged at the bottoms of the lifting frames, and the two ends of each telescopic oil cylinder are hinged to the bottoms of the corresponding supporting base and the corresponding lifting frame respectively. The shield tunneling machine duct piece quick dismantling device can lift duct pieces with different ring widths, and the rail size, the muck delivering vehicle size and the duct piece delivering small vehicle size in the tunnel do not need to be changed; the duct pieces on the duct piece delivering small vehicle can be safely and quickly dismantled, and the duct piece delivering small vehicle and the muck vehicle do not need to be manually separated from each other; meanwhile, the duct piece delivering small vehicle can directly follow the muck delivering vehicle to be driven out of the tunnel, the marshaling train circulating frequency is reduced, and the construction efficiency is further improved.