The present invention discloses an oil-soluble temporary blocking agent and a preparation method thereof, wherein a thermoplastic polymer or a mixture comprising a thermoplastic polymer and one or a plurality of materials selected from a surfactant, an antioxidant and a coupling agent is adopted as a spinning raw material and is subjected to melt electrospinning to prepare the oil-soluble temporary blocking agent. According to the present invention, the oil-soluble temporary blocking agent can be adopted as the temporary blocking agent so as to be applied in the petroleum extraction field, such that the purposes of low cost and complete petroleum extraction and no pollution are achieved; the average diameter of the obtained temporary blocking agent of the present invention is a few microns to tens of microns, even achieves the nano-scale, the distribution is wide, and the oil-soluble temporary blocking agent is suitable for various types of oil wells with complex structures, particularly the temporary blocking operation on the core with the small crack width; the oil-soluble temporary blocking agent has characteristics of high oil dissolution rate, water insolubility, acid insolubility, low residual pollution on stratum, high solubility in diesel fuel, and easy blocking releasing; and the preparation method has characteristics of easily available raw materials, simple preparation process, low cost, and good applicability.