The invention discloses a pneumatic rubber expansion core shaft. The pneumatic rubber expansion core shaft comprises a core shaft and a top sleeve, wherein the core shaft is provided with a shaft shoulder; a first stepped hole is formed in the top sleeve, the first stepped hole comprises a large-diameter hole and two small-diameter holes which are equal in radius, and the two small-diameter holes are matched with the core shaft; a first rubber sleeve and a second rubber sleeve are respectively arranged in positions, which are positioned at two sides of the top sleeve, of the core shaft in a sleeving way, the first rubber sleeve is close to the shaft shoulder, the second rubber sleeve is far away from the shaft shoulder, a separating piece is arranged between the first rubber sleeve and the shaft shoulder, the outer side of the second rubber sleeve is also provided with a pneumatic cylinder, the pneumatic cylinder is also internally provided with a pneumatic valve, the pneumatic valve leans against the inner wall of the pneumatic cylinder, and the outer side of the pneumatic valve is provided with a pushing rod. According to the pneumatic rubber expansion core shaft disclosed by the invention, the technical defect that the supporting location on a pipe cannot be accurately carried out by using the pipe as the center or the requirement on the roughness of the inner wall of the pipe is higher at present is overcome, accurate location can be carried out by using the pipe as the center, and the requirement on the roughness of the inner wall of the pipe is not high.