41 results about "Hydrogen oxidation reaction" patented technology

The present application relates to a kind of full solid-state lithium ion membrane reactor with symmetrical structure and its application, the reactor is in situ construction on the both sides of solid-state lithium ion conductor film with Pt and / or Ni as catalyst, with single-walled carbon nanotube etc. Conductive material is used as current collector gas diffusion electrode, the reactor can work in nitrogen hydrogen mixture atmosphere, integration is high, scale is flexible.The present application changes the working mode of traditional reactor using liquid electrolyte, replaces inefficient nitrogen and proton mass transfer with efficient lithium ion mass transfer, couples lithium-mediated nitrogen reduction and hydrogen oxidation reaction to synthesize ammonia, and the maximum working current density is increased to 1000mA / cm 2 , and can work at 40mA / cm 2 Current density for a long time, with innovation and broad industrial application prospect.

This invention discloses a platinum-based catalyst for the hydrogenation reaction, its preparation method, and an electrode. The catalyst uses orthorhombic niobium pentoxide (T-Nb₂O₅) as a support to support the active component platinum. The support is resistant to strong acids and electrochemical corrosion at potentials above 1.0 V (vs RHE). The catalyst exhibits a hydrogenation reaction current density of not less than 200 mA·cm⁻¹ at 0.45 V (vs RHE). ‑2 In preparation, ammonium niobate oxalate hydrate was used as the niobium source, and the mixture was gelled via a sol-gel method. The gel was then heat-treated at 600-700℃ to obtain an orthorhombic niobium pentoxide support. The pH was adjusted to less than 3, and platinum was reduced with sodium borohydride to prepare the catalyst. This catalyst was then used to fabricate a hydrogen depolarization anolyte gas diffusion electrode with a platinum loading of 0.5-1.0 mg·cm³. ‑2 It can operate continuously and stably for no less than 120 hours with a cell voltage in the range of 1.25-1.45V. The catalyst of this invention has high activity and excellent stability, and can be used as a hydrogen depolarization anode in hydrometallurgy, significantly reducing electrolysis energy consumption and making it suitable for industrial applications.

This invention discloses a proton exchange membrane hydrogen pump anode and its application. The anode includes an anode sheet and a catalyst composited on the anode sheet. The catalyst includes a support and a first metal and a second metal composited on the support. The first metal is selected from one or more of platinum, iridium, palladium, and ruthenium; the second metal is selected from one or more of iron, cobalt, nickel, molybdenum, and vanadium. The first metal serves as the main active center for the hydrogen oxidation reaction, and the second metal can regulate the electronic structure of the first metal, thereby reducing the adsorption of carbon monoxide at the active site or promoting its oxidative removal. The synergistic effect of the two metals allows the anode containing the catalyst to maintain high hydrogen oxidation activity and stability in hydrogen fuel containing carbon monoxide, thereby improving the carbon monoxide poisoning resistance of the proton exchange membrane hydrogen pump containing the anode.

The invention belongs to the technical field of hydrogen fuel cells, and particularly relates to an anode catalyst layer applied to a fuel cell and a preparation method and application of the anode catalyst layer. The anode catalyst layer for the fuel cell comprises a water electrolysis layer and a hydroxide layer which are overlapped, and the hydroxide layer is in contact with a proton exchange membrane of the fuel cell; the water electrolysis layer comprises a water electrolysis catalyst, carbon powder and first perfluorinated sulfonic acid resin; the hydroxide layer comprises a hydroxide reaction catalyst and second perfluorinated sulfonic acid resin; the ion exchange equivalent EW1 of the first perfluorinated sulfonic acid resin is less than or equal to the ion exchange equivalent EW2 of the second perfluorinated sulfonic acid resin. The anode catalyst layer for the fuel cell has the beneficial effects that through the gradient design of the hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties of the water electrolysis layer and the hydroxide layer, the antipole resistance of the anode catalyst layer is remarkably improved, the performance attenuation degree after antipole is reduced, and the service life of the fuel cell is prolonged.

This invention discloses a Se-doped Pt-based catalyst, its preparation method, and its application, relating to the field of catalyst technology. The preparation method of the Se-doped Pt-based catalyst includes the following steps: (1) mixing conductive carbon black and selenium dioxide powder uniformly to obtain a mixture; (2) heating the mixture to 250-350℃ under an inert atmosphere and holding for 0.5-2 h; (3) subsequently heating to 950-1100℃ and holding for 0.5-2 h to obtain powder A; (4) dissolving a platinum source in water to obtain solution B, then adding powder A to solution B and mixing uniformly, followed by rotary evaporation, grinding, and heating in a mixed atmosphere of H2 and Ar to obtain the Se-doped Pt-based catalyst. The Se-doped Pt-based catalyst prepared by the method of this invention exhibits high catalytic activity and stability in the hydrogenation reaction.

The invention provides a preparation method and application of a catalyst based on a crystal platinum / amorphous vanadium oxide cluster-cluster heterostructure. The preparation method comprises the following steps: S1, synthesizing an amorphous vanadium oxide cluster; s2, synthesizing a crystal platinum cluster; and S3, synthesizing the heterostructure catalyst. Through precise synthesis and interface engineering, precise assembly of amorphous vanadium oxide clusters and precise platinum clusters is realized, a highly dispersed and uniform heterogeneous interface is obtained, and the catalyst is endowed with excellent catalytic activity and stability in alkaline hydrogen oxidation reaction.

The invention provides a nickel-based alloy composite zinc-nitrogen-carbon material and a preparation method thereof.The preparation method comprises the steps that after zinc salt, a nitrogen-containing organic compound and a solvent are fully stirred and mixed, heating treatment is conducted in the inert atmosphere, and the zinc-nitrogen-carbon material is obtained; and adding nickel salt and molybdenum salt into the zinc-nitrogen-carbon material, and carrying out thermal reduction in an inert atmosphere to obtain the nickel-based alloy composite zinc-nitrogen-carbon material. Compared with a commercial platinum-based catalyst, the nickel-based alloy composite zinc-nitrogen-carbon material has the advantages that the nickel-based alloy and the zinc-nitrogen-carbon material are cheap materials, the cost is greatly reduced, meanwhile, the preparation process is simple, the raw materials are wide in source, and the nickel-based alloy composite zinc-nitrogen-carbon material is suitable for large-scale preparation and application; the nitrogen-carbon nano-porous structure endows the catalyst with high specific surface area and rich attachment sites, so that nickel-molybdenum alloy particles can be highly dispersed on the catalyst, more active sites are exposed, gas can easily participate in the reaction, and the catalytic activity of the hydrogen oxidation reaction is further improved.

The present disclosure relates to a noble metal single atom or cluster-porous molybdenum carbide / carbon nanocomposite using dynamic arrangement of noble metal single atoms or clusters, a method for preparing the same, a catalyst for hydrogen evolution reaction or hydrogen oxidation reaction including the same, and an electrode including the catalyst. The noble metal single atom or cluster-porous molybdenum carbide / carbon nanocomposite of the present disclosure, which is prepared by uniformly bonding a noble metal catalyst only on molybdenum carbide in the form of single atoms or clusters in atomic scale through selective dynamic arrangement, may have remarkably improved catalytic activity and kinetic characteristics since the utilization of the noble metal is improved through selective dynamic arrangement of the noble metal catalyst, may have high stability due to strong interaction between the noble metal catalyst and the molybdenum carbide, and may have high tolerance to carbon monoxide.In addition, the use of the noble metal can be decreased and the nanocomposite can be used as a catalyst for electrochemical hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) or hydrogen oxidation reaction (HOR) under acidic and basic conditions because it has superior catalytic activity, high stability and high tolerance to carbon monoxide. Furthermore, it can be prepared at low cost by a simple synthesis method and has good commercial viability.

A process for preparing a catalyst, as well as a catalyst, the catalyst comprising an oxygen evolution reaction electrocatalyst OER, a hydrogen oxidation reaction HOR electrocatalyst, and a particulate solid support are described. The OER electrocatalyst and the HOR catalyst are both supported on the particulate solid support. The OER is deposited from an aqueous mixture comprising a particulate solid support and a halide free metalate which comprises iridium and / or ruthenium. The pH of the mixture is reduced to ≤7 to precipitate the oxygenated metal into the solid particulate support. In the process, the OER electrocatalyst is deposited before the HOR electrocatalyst. The catalyst may be incorporated into a catalyst coated membrane (CCM) and used in a fuel cell. [Figure 1a]

The invention relates to a preparation process of a bifunctional Ru / C catalyst applied to coupling thermocatalytic methanol dehydrogenation and electrocatalytic hydroxidation reaction, belonging to the technical field of methanol hydrogen production. TDI industrial waste residue is used as a raw material, and through the links of pyrolysis activation, supercritical methanol modification, bimetal freezing loading, activation, interface bonding construction, hydrophobic layer coating and the like, the Ru / C catalyst is prepared. The catalyst solves the problems that an existing Ru / C catalyst is sensitive to CO poisoning, easy to sinter at a high temperature, high in component and the like, the Ru utilization rate is high, the activity attenuation is reduced after long-time operation, the components are effectively reduced, and the catalyst is suitable for the process requirements of methanol hydrogen production-synthesis gas co-production.

Disclosed is a catalyst for hydrogen evolution reaction or hydrogen oxidation reaction, which is a catalyst that can be used under alkaline conditions and has significantly improved kinetic characteristics compared to existing commercial platinum catalysts. The present invention provides a catalyst for electrochemical hydrogen reaction under alkaline conditions and a method for preparing the same, and a ruthenium-based catalytic electrode containing the same, which can be used as an electrode for anion exchange membrane-based water electrolysis cell and fuel cell, wherein the catalyst has 2 to 20 ruthenium supported in an aggregate form on the surface of a molybdenum carbide-carbon nanocomposite carrier.

The invention discloses a green electrochemical ammonia production method, which comprises a reduction reaction tank and an oxidation reaction tank which are separated by a proton conduction / permeable membrane, according to the method, an electrolyte containing metal salt capable of participating in electrochemical reaction, an aromatic mediator and an organic solvent is mainly utilized, and high-efficiency conversion from nitrogen to ammonia gas is realized under the conditions of normal temperature and normal pressure; the cathode is subjected to lithium deposition and nitrogen activation reaction, lithium nitride is generated through an aromatic mediator, and ammonia gas is released through protonation; the anode performs a hydroxide reaction to provide a continuous and stable proton source; the method has high selectivity, energy efficiency and modularization potential, can replace a traditional high-energy-consumption Harber method, and is widely applied to green manufacturing procedures of ammonia fuel, fertilizer and hydrogen storage carriers.

The invention discloses an IrSA-Ni3N-t twin crystal nanosheet electrocatalyst as well as a preparation method and application thereof, and belongs to the technical field of two-dimensional nano material catalysts. According to the preparation method, the Ir-atom-doped Ni3N twin crystal nanosheet is prepared by simply nitriding the Ir-substituted nickel hydroxide nanosheet through a high-temperature annealing method. According to the prepared IrSA-Ni3N-t twin crystal nanosheet electrocatalyst, Ir monatomic is doped in Ni3N crystal lattices to reduce stacking fault energy, twin crystals are induced to be formed through high-temperature nitridation, the capacity of a reaction interface for hydroxyl adsorption and transmission and hydrogen bond network connectivity is effectively adjusted, and therefore the alkaline hydroxide reaction performance is improved. The catalyst shows catalytic activity, CO tolerance and long-term stability which are obviously superior to those of a commercial platinum-carbon catalyst in an anion exchange membrane fuel cell anode hydroxide reaction.

The invention relates to the technical field of electrocatalysis, and discloses a hydroxide anode for preparing carbon monoxide through electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide and a preparation method thereof.The hydroxide anode for preparing carbon monoxide through electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide comprises a base material and a catalyst arranged on the base material, the catalyst comprises a cobalt-chromium-molybdenum alloy and a coating layer coating the outer surface of the cobalt-chromium-molybdenum alloy, and the coating layer comprises a carbon coating layer and tungsten oxide loaded on the carbon coating layer. The molybdenum element, the cobalt element and the chromium element form an alloy, and CO accumulation is reduced. The surface of the cobalt-chromium-molybdenum alloy is coated with the carbon coating layer, the conductivity of the hydroxide anode is improved, CO molecules are prevented from making contact with the surface of the alloy, in the long-term use process, the activity of a catalyst cannot be reduced due to CO poisoning, the hydroxide reaction can be efficiently conducted in the electrolysis process, the Faraday efficiency is improved, and the stability of the electrode is guaranteed. Tungsten oxide is loaded on the surface of the carbon coating layer, so that the activity and the stability are further improved.

The present invention discloses a green electrochemical ammonia production method, comprising a reduction cell and an oxidation cell separated by a proton-conductive / exchange membrane. The method employs an electrolyte containing metal salts capable of participating in electrochemical reactions, aromatic mediators, and organic solvents to achieve an efficient conversion of nitrogen to ammonia under ambient temperature and pressure. At the cathode, lithium deposition and nitrogen activation occur, generating lithium nitride via the aromatic mediator, which is subsequently protonated to release ammonia. At the anode, a hydrogen oxidation reaction provides a continuous and stable proton source. The invention offers high selectivity, energy efficiency, and modular scalability, serving as a sustainable alternative to the conventional energy-intensive Haber-Bosch process, and is applicable to green processes for ammonia fuels, fertilizers, and hydrogen storage carriers.

This invention discloses a hydrogen-assisted rechargeable battery method for hydrogen storage and production, belonging to the field of hydrogen energy storage and electrochemical energy storage technology. The method includes four core steps: battery assembly, circulating electrolyte supply, charging for hydrogen storage, and discharging for hydrogen production. During charging, hydrogen-containing gas is introduced into the cathode, where a hydroxide reaction occurs, and metal ion reduction and deposition occur at the anode, storing hydrogen energy as a metallic element in a solid state under normal pressure. During discharging, a metal oxidation and dissolution reaction occurs at the anode, and a hydrogen evolution reaction occurs at the cathode, generating hydrogen gas in situ and releasing hydrogen energy on demand. This invention eliminates the oxygen evolution reaction of traditional water electrolysis, using hydroxide coupled with metal oxidation-reduction to achieve hydrogen energy storage and release. It offers high storage safety, low reaction overpotential, high energy efficiency, and good cycle reversibility, solving the problems of poor safety, high energy consumption, and low energy efficiency in existing hydrogen storage technologies. It can be widely applied to renewable energy hydrogen production, large-scale hydrogen energy storage, and distributed hydrogen energy supply scenarios.

This invention relates to a method for preparing a highly efficient and stable titanium dioxide-supported nickel-based non-precious metal catalyst and its application. Nickel-based hydroxide powder is prepared using a non-precious metal salt as a metal precursor. The prepared nickel-based hydroxide powder is then uniformly mixed with titanium dioxide and calcined under high-temperature hydrogen conditions to form a titanium dioxide-supported nickel-based non-precious metal catalyst. Compared with traditional nickel-based non-precious metal catalysts, this titanium dioxide-supported nickel-based non-precious metal catalyst can effectively catalyze the hydrogen oxidation reaction under alkaline conditions within a potential range of 0–1.2 volts. The titanium dioxide-supported nickel-based non-precious metal catalyst prepared by this invention, when used as an electrocatalyst for hydrogen oxidation reactions under alkaline conditions, offers advantages such as simple preparation method, high reactivity, high stability, and low cost, and has broad application prospects in the field of electrochemical energy storage and conversion.

The invention belongs to the technical field of sensors, and particularly relates to a doped type hydroxide catalyst for an electrochemical type hydrogen sensor and a preparation method and application of the doped type hydroxide catalyst. According to the hydroxidation catalyst provided by the invention, catalytic active metal platinum is loaded in carbon-based catalyst carriers such as bromine and boron doped conductive carbon black, so that the electroneutrality of the conductive carbon black is destroyed, and the electron distribution and charge density of the conductive carbon black are effectively adjusted; the d-band center and coordination environment of the catalytic active metal platinum are regulated and controlled, and the energy barrier of the hydrogen oxidation reaction is reduced; meanwhile, the doped bromine and boron have relatively strong interaction with the catalytic active metal platinum, so that the catalytic active metal platinum is not easy to agglomerate, migrate or fall off; therefore, when the catalyst provided by the invention is applied to the electrochemical hydrogen sensor, the electrochemical hydrogen sensor shows high sensitivity and quick response, meanwhile, the stability is kept in a lasting operation process, and the catalyst is a high-performance hydrogen oxidation catalyst meeting the strict requirements of the hydrogen sensor.

The present invention provides a process for preparing a catalyst, as well as a catalyst, the catalyst comprising an oxygen evolution reaction electrocatalyst, a hydrogen oxidation reaction electrocatalyst, and a particulate solid support, wherein the oxygen evolution reaction electrocatalyst and the hydrogen oxidation reaction catalyst are both supported on the particulate solid support. In the process, the oxygen evolution reaction electrocatalyst is deposited before the hydrogen oxidation reaction electrocatalyst by using a halide-free metallate as precursor.

The application discloses a system and method for synthesizing calcium hydroxide by HER / HOR coupling electrochemical method based on machine learning assistance. The system is divided into an anode chamber, an intermediate chamber and a cathode chamber by a cation exchange membrane and an anion exchange membrane; CaCO3 is put into the anode chamber; hydrogen evolution reaction occurs in the anode chamber, and hydrogen oxidation reaction occurs in the cathode chamber; calcium hydroxide precipitate is synthesized in the intermediate chamber. An integrated deep learning model based on an MLP framework and a PINN physical enhancement is used to analyze the sensitivity of system process characteristic parameters including working current, electrolyte concentration and hydrogen flow rate, a regularization linear regression algorithm based on a response surface method is introduced to confirm the best combination of system process parameters, and the yield of calcium hydroxide is predicted according to multi-dimensional process characteristic data. The application overcomes the bottleneck of excessively high electrolysis voltage and excessive energy consumption in the existing electrochemical decarbonization technology for synthesizing calcium hydroxide, and solves the pain point that multi-dimensional parameters are difficult to be artificially jointly controlled and optimized in a complex multi-chamber electrolysis system.

The application discloses a kind of preparation of transition metal nitride and its application in electrocatalytic oxidation hydrazine hydrate, it is related to electrocatalysis technical field, compared with prior art, the application provides a kind of quick preparation method of transition metal nitride, simple operation, easy to control, short preparation period;And the transition metal nitride obtained has relatively broad application prospect, can be applied to the electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction, oxygen evolution reaction, oxygen reduction reaction and hydrogen oxidation reaction in alkaline medium, shows excellent catalytic activity, stability and conductivity, to provide feasible guidance for the development of efficient transition metal nitride-based electrochemical catalyst.

The application discloses a method for continuously synthesizing cis-13-octadecenal based on a micro-channel reactor, and belongs to organic synthesis. The method comprises unilateral bromination, acetylene coupling, selective hydrogenation, oxidation and purification. The method uses dodecanediol and 1-hexyne as raw materials, forms a method for continuously synthesizing cis-13-octadecenal, a key component of insect sex pheromone, in a high-efficiency and high-selectivity manner by using a micro-channel reactor, and effectively solves the problems of low cis selectivity, poor reaction efficiency and incapability of amplification effect in the synthesis of cis-13-octadecenal in the prior art.

Systems and methods of lithium extraction and seawater alkalization are provided herein. High operating voltages in electrodialytic processes resulting from large thermodynamic potential and kinetic overpotentials can be greatly reduced by applying a symmetric reaction couple on cathode and anode electrodes. The hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and hydrogen oxidation reaction (HOR) are demonstrated as the symmetric reaction couple with minimal thermodynamic potential, and ion flow between the cathodic and anodic chambers is controlled by ion-selective membranes. The hydroxide ions are enriched in the cathodic chamber for application of alkalization, where anions such as chloride ions are transported to the anodic chamber for charge balance. In the case of lithium extraction, the lithium ions are transported from the anodic chamber through a lithium-selective membrane and enriched in the cathodic chamber. This technique reduces the cell voltage necessary for driving electrodialytic processes, so that they can become more commercially viable.

The invention discloses preparation of ruthenium-carbon nanosheets and application of the ruthenium-carbon nanosheets in a hydroxide reaction, relates to the technical field of electrocatalysis, and provides ruthenium-carbon with a specific nanosheet structure and a preparation method of the ruthenium-carbon as compared with the prior art. The catalyst shows high catalytic activity, stability and conductivity in a hydroxide reaction, is especially suitable for the hydroxide reaction in an alkaline medium, and can provide feasible guidance for development of an efficient ruthenium-based electrochemical catalyst.

The present invention relates to a shaped catalyst body for removing high-concentration slipped hydrogen, wherein catalyst slurries having different precious metal compositions are applied to multiple zones of a honeycomb molded body, respectively. In the shaped catalyst body, the precious metal content in the catalyst slurry applied to a front end zone is lower than the precious metal content in the catalyst slurry applied to a rear end zone, thereby solving a heating problem caused by a high-concentration hydrogen oxidation reaction and a toxicity problem of moisture as a by-product, and reducing the use of expensive platinum.

The invention belongs to the technical field of hydroxidation reaction electrocatalysts, and particularly relates to a tin dioxide loaded binary noble metal nanoparticle electrocatalyst as well as a preparation method and application thereof. The preparation method comprises the following steps: adding a tin source and a sulfur source into an alcohol-water mixed solution, and carrying out hydrothermal reaction to prepare tin disulfide; carrying out heat treatment on the tin disulfide to obtain tin dioxide; the preparation method comprises the following steps: adding tin dioxide and a noble metal source into an alcohol solution containing a surfactant, and carrying out a heating reaction to obtain the tin dioxide loaded binary noble metal nanoparticle electrocatalyst. The tin dioxide carrier in the electrocatalyst effectively regulates and controls the electronic structure of the binary noble metal nanoparticles, and improves the hydrogen oxidation reaction activity of the metal nanoparticles. Meanwhile, the structural stability of the composite electrocatalyst is obviously improved due to the strong anchoring effect of the carrier on the binary metal nanoparticles. In addition, by means of the characteristics of high corrosion resistance and oxidation resistance of the tin dioxide carrier, high electrocatalytic activity and good durability are guaranteed.

This invention discloses an electrochemical system and method for spontaneously discharging calcium hydroxide. The electrochemical system includes independent negative and positive electrode chambers. The negative electrode chamber includes a gas diffusion electrode through which hydrogen gas is introduced and a negative electrode electrolyte containing CaCO3. The positive electrode chamber includes a NiOOH electrode and a positive electrode electrolyte. After the positive and negative electrodes are electrically connected, the intrinsic redox potential of the NiOOH electrode at the positive electrode and the hydrogen oxidation reaction at the negative electrode create a potential difference, resulting in spontaneous discharge. Hydrogen oxidation at the negative electrode generates hydrogen ions, dissolving CaCO3. NiOOH at the positive electrode is reduced to generate hydroxide ions. The spontaneously discharged negative and positive electrode electrolytes react to synthesize calcium hydroxide. This invention, by coupling hydrogen oxidation and NiOOH reduction, completely avoids external energy input and utilizes inherent electrochemical activity for spontaneous discharge preparation of calcium hydroxide. It aims to solve the high energy consumption and high carbon emission problems existing in the traditional cement industry for calcium hydroxide production, overcoming the high energy consumption bottleneck in existing electrolytic preparation processes.

The present application relates to the technical field of fuel cells and water electrolysis, in particular to a high-entropy alloy atomic layer catalyst, a preparation method and application. The catalyst has a PGM@IGM-PGM-HEA core-shell nanocube structure, the core is a platinum group metal, the shell layer is a quinary alloy formed by 2-3 iron group metals and 2-3 platinum group metals, and the atomic ratio is 1-3:1. The preparation method includes two steps of seed preparation and IGM-PGM-HEA atomic layer growth. The catalyst is coated on a carbon-based, metal or metal oxide electrode substrate to form an electrode, which is used for hydrogen evolution reaction and hydrogen oxidation reaction. In the hydrogen evolution reaction, the activity does not decrease by more than 10% after 15000 cycles in a 0.5 mol / L sulfuric acid solution test; in the hydrogen oxidation reaction, the intrinsic activity does not decrease by more than 20% after 3000 cycles in a 0.1 mol / L KOH solution test. Compared with a commercial Pt / C catalyst, the catalyst has high catalytic activity, good stability, can effectively reduce the reaction activation energy, and has important application value.

A proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEM-FC) anode catalyst layer comprising a hydrogen oxidation reaction catalyst, an ion-conducting material, and an oxygen evolution reaction (OER) catalyst. The o

The present invention provides a proton exchange membrane fuel cell anode catalyst layer comprising a hydrogen oxidation reaction catalyst, an ion-conducting material, and an oxygen evolution reaction catalyst; wherein the oxygen evolution reaction catalyst is an oxide material comprising iridium and ruthenium; and wherein loading of iridium is 0.02 mg / cm2 of the geometric area of the anode catalyst layer or less.