The invention provides a thermal power plant high-temperature flue gas waste heat recovery device using a single tank of molten salt heat exchange, belonging to the technical field of molten salt heat exchange, including: hot air inlet pipe, upper cold tank area, molten salt heating area, and lower hot tank zone, hot zone for molten salt, spiral rising cold tank zone, thermal insulation and dust removal zone, and maintenance spare tank zone. On the outer ring of the cylindrical area, the spiral rising cold tank area surrounds the outer ring of the heat preservation and dust removal area. The molten salt flows naturally from the upper cold tank area to the molten salt heating area to avoid the problem of dry burning of the heating device caused by the failure of the molten salt pump. On this basis, this device also solves the problems in the molten salt heat exchange technology, such as the molten salt is in contact with the outside world, the molten salt is easy to leak and difficult to detect, the heat preservation requirement is high, and the molten salt is easy to stay and condense. The entire molten salt heat exchange device has the characteristics of stability and reliability, small heat dissipation, maximum utilization of resources, and convenient maintenance.