416 results about "Propyl gallate" patented technology

Disclosed herein are wound dressings comprising fibrinogen and at least one procoagulant such as propyl gallate in a therapeutic amount. Also disclosed are methods of treating wounds, increasing an amount of or rate of coagulation of blood from a wound, increasing an amount of or rate of clot formation over a wound, increasing blood platelet counts, activating a coagulation system, increasing the plasma concentration of fibrinogen, and decreasing the activated partial thromboplastin time. Also disclosed are an arterial bleeding model and methods of studying arterial bleeding.

The invention relates to a medical used hot melt pressure-sensitive adhesive type base material and its preparing method which provides a hot melt pressure-sensitive adhesive and an adhesive used paste preparation. The main element of the hot melt pressure-sensitive adhesive is styrenic thermoplastic elastomer SIS (phenylethene -isoprene -phenylethene three block copolymers) with adhesive resin (such as petroleum resin, terpenes polymer, polyisobutylene), flexing oil (such as liquid petrolatum) and aging retarder (such as propyl gallate, BZ) and so on.

The present invention is related to a medical device carrying at least on a portion of its surface at least one oxidation-insensitive drug or oxidation-insensitive polymer-free drug preparation and at least one lipophilic antioxidant at a ratio of 3-100% by weight of the at least one antioxidant in relation to 100% by weight of the drug, wherein the at least one oxidation-insensitive drug is selected of taxanes, thalidomide, statins, corticoids and lipophilic derivatives of corticoids, and the at least one lipophilic antioxidant is selected of nordihydroguaiarectic acid, resveratrol and propyl gallate, and wherein scoring or cutting balloons as medical devices are excluded.

The invention relates to the technical field of vegetable-oil soft capsules, in particular to a peony-seed-oil soft capsule and a preparation method thereof. The peony-seed-oil soft capsule is prepared by mixing and gelling of raw materials, capsule pressing and forming, hardening, sizing, scrubbing and drying. The peony-seed-oil soft capsule comprises the following raw materials in parts by weight: 80-95 parts of peony seed oil, 1-3 parts of fucosterol, 1-3 parts of squalene, 1-3 parts of propyl gallate, 0.05-0.25 part of tocopherol, 0.05-0.25 part of soya bean lecithin, 0.15-0.25 part of vitamin C, 5-10 parts of gelatin, 5-10 parts of water, 1.3-2.5 parts of sorbierite, and 2.5-5 parts of glycerol. The peony-seed-oil soft capsule is nutritious and safe, has the obvious effects of reducing blood fat, blood pressure and cholesterol, and can enhance the self immunity, prevent the diabetes, prevent and treat cancers, reduce weight, prevent cerebral stroke and myocardial infarction, clear harmful substances in blood, prevent and treat heart diseases and relieve the climacteric syndrome.

The invention discloses a heat-resistant flexible transparent conductive film and a preparation method of the film. According to the film, the surface of PET is coated with coating, and then the film is prepared after being dried . According to the formula of the coating, the coating is composed of nanometer silver wires, oleoresin, additive powder, flatting agents and a proper quantity of organic solvents. The nanometer silver wires excellent in electrical conductivity and mixed additives composed of carbon fibers, nanometer limestone powder, nanometer palygorskite powder, nanometer aluminum oxide powder and propyl gallate are adopted for improving the electrical conductivity and the heat resistance of the film. The heat-resistant flexible transparent conductive film is low in cost and raw materials are easy to obtain.

The invention discloses a method for preparing a breathable fruit and vegetable fresh-keeping film. The breathable fruit and vegetable fresh-keeping film comprises two layers of films. The upper layer is a laser perforated film layer, and the lower layer is a film layer loaded with functional components of antibacterial agents and antioxidants. The method includes punching holes in base materials to form laser perforated films with the sizes of 3-1000 micrometers; blending polyethylene, polypropylene, polylactic acid and polyhydroxyalkanoate base material resin and the functional components of the antibacterial agents and the antioxidants by the aid of a double-screw machine to form film spraying liquid; compounding inner-layer films with the functional components and outer-layer laser perforated films by the aid of film spraying processes to obtain the breathable fruit and vegetable fresh-keeping film. The base materials are polyethylene, polypropylene, polylactic acid and polyhydroxyalkanoate resin with the thicknesses of 10-100 micrometers. The antibacterial agents are mixtures of a type or a plurality of types of potassium sorbate, paraben esters and sodium benzoate food-grade antibacterial agents, and the additive amount of the antibacterial agents is 0.5-5.0%; the antioxidants are mixtures of a type or a plurality of types of tea polyphenols, butylated hydroxyanisole and propyl gallate, and the additive amount of the antioxidants is 0.5-5.0%.

The invention discloses a Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain and application thereof. The strain is Bacillus amyloliquefaciens ZTS-06, and the collection number is CGMCC No.11165. The invention also discloses a live strain preparation containing the strain and a preparation method thereof. The live strain preparation is prepared by the following steps: carrying out amplification culture on the Bacillus amyloliquefaciens ZTS-06, inoculating in a fermentation culture medium, culturing to obtain a fermentation liquid, adding propyl gallate, beta-cyclodextrin and soluble starch, and carrying out spray drying to obtain live strain raw powder; and adding abundant soluble starch, and uniformly mixing to obtain the live strain preparation. The strain has favorable degradation effects on phenylallyl propionic acid, para-hydroxybenzoic acid, cinnamic acid and the like, and can relieve succession cropping obstacles caused by phenolic acid and other toxic substances. The living strain preparation has the advantages of short fermentation period, high fermentation liquid bacterium concentration, low live strain loss in the spray drying process, and high stability in the storage process.

The invention provides a molecularly-imprinted electrochemical transducer for detecting propylgallate (PG). The molecularly-imprinted electrochemical transducer utilizes an electrode surface modifying technology to modify platinum double nanoparticle-graphene carbon nano tube composite (PtAu-GrCNTs) to the surface of the electrode; then, a molecularly-imprinted polymer is connected to the surface of a PtAu-CrCNTs-modified electrode by adopting an electric polymerization way; and the molecularly-imprinted electrochemical transducer is formed after template molecules (PG) are eluted. After the template molecules are eluted, a series of holes matched with the template molecules are formed on the surface of the sensor, and when the eluted sensor is soaked in sample liquor containing the template molecules, the template molecules are specifically adsorbed on the surface of the sensor. The successfully prepared electrochemical transducer is connected to an electrochemical working station as a working electrode; electrochemical signals change due to special adsorption of the template molecules, and the detection for the propylgallate (PG) can be realized by utilizing changes of the electrochemical signals. The molecularly-imprinted electrochemical transducer prepared by the preparation method disclosed by the invention is strong in selectivity, high in sensitivity, simple and quick to operate, and suitable for detecting the propylgallate (PG) in food.

The invention relates to a common-process production technique of caramel color with the color ratio of at least 30000EBC, which comprises the following steps: metering and concentrating a raw material, regulating the pH value to 7.0-11.0, adding sodium polyphosphate and propyl gallate as catalysts, carrying out pressurized reaction, terminating the reaction when the color ratio is satisfactory, cooling, filtering, blending, metering and filling. The caramelization reaction is performed by adding the catalysts under increased pressure under alkaline conditions, thereby lowering the activation energy of the reaction system; and thus, the reaction can be performed more easily, and can obtain the high-color-ratio product more easily. No material condensation water is discharged, thereby preventing evaporation heat dissipation and lowering the reaction energy consumption. Since no condensation water is discharged, no peculiar smell or COD (chemical oxygen demand) pollution is generated in the reaction process.

The invention provides a preparation method of an antibacterial cellulose flat nanofiltration membrane. An N-methylmorpholine-N-oxide solvent with moisture content of 10%-16%, propyl gallate, a nanometer SiO2 pore-foaming agent, a nanometer TiO2 antibacterial agent (or a nanometer silver antibacterial agent) and cellulose pulp serve as raw materials, and a homogenous and transparent cellulose membrane casting solution is prepared; sequentially an antibacterial porous cellulose membrane is prepared by means of the immersion gel method; afterwards a poly piperazine aqueous solution and an N-hexane organic solution containing trimesoyl chloride are prepared, operation is conducted to make a crosslinking product obtained by polymerization of poly piperazine and trimesoyl chloride uniformly attached to membrane holes and membrane surfaces, and finally the antibacterial cellulose flat nanofiltration membrane is obtained. The whole preparation process is simple, cost is low, the prepared antibacterial cellulose flat nanofiltration membrane can be used for removing multivalent ions, a part of salts with monovalent ions and organics with molecular weight larger than 300, and has the advantages of being high in retention and water flux, selective in adsorption and friendly to the environment.

The invention discloses a method for rapidly detecting the content of a synthetic phenol antioxidant, particularly the content of BHA (Butyl Hydroxy Anisol), TBHQ (Tert-Butyl Hydroquinone) and PG (Propyl Gallate), in edible oil and fat and oil and fat food. The method comprises the following steps of: by using an organic solvent as an extracting agent, uniformly mixing the extracting agent and a sample to be detected; carrying out oscillating extraction; taking extraction liquid; adding 3-methyl-2-benzothiazolinonehydrazone hydrochloride and ammonium ceric sulfate which are used as color development reagents into the extraction liquid; shaking the mixture well; standing; and rapidly detecting the content of the synthetic phenol antioxidant by a spectrophotometry. In the method, large-scale expensive equipment such as an HPLC (High Performance Liquid Chromatography), a GC (Gas Chromatograph) and the like are not required. An instrument required by the method is simple. The method is simple and convenient to operate, can be completed by non professional staffs, has low cost, high accuracy and reproducibility, is time-saving and labor-saving and has wide market application prospect.

The invention discloses a fat-soluble composite vitamin I composition freeze-dried powder injection. The fat-soluble composite vitamin I composition freeze-dried powder injection is safe and reliable, has stable quality and is prepared from vitamin A palmitate, vitamin K1, vitamin E, vitamin D2, povidone, propyl gallate, polysorbate 80, mannitol and injection water. The fat-soluble composite vitamin I composition freeze-dried powder injection and the preparation method thereof thoroughly solve that the existing fat-soluble composite vitamin freeze-dried powder injection can not be stored for a long time and the content of related substances is very high and can not be controlled so that injection safety problems and active substance degradation problems are caused. In the clinical use, the fat-soluble composite vitamin I composition freeze-dried powder injection is safe, has stable quality and can be stored for a long time.

The invention relates to a plant growth accelerant and a preparation method thereof. The plant growth accelerant, which has bright color and stable components, is prepared by taking pyroligneous liquor, a side product obtained by processing wood or waste plant by biological dry distillation technology, as a raw material, sodium erythorbate and propyl gallate added in traces as antioxidant and monopotassium phosphate, ammonium nitrate and different trace elements added in traces as a potentiating agent. The plant growth accelerant has the advantages that the accelerant solves the key problems that pyroligneous liquor is easy to oxidize to generate pigment and cause decomposition of part effective components, thereby making full use of each nutrient component in the pyroligneous liquor.

The invention discloses a washable hair dye and a preparation method thereof, and belongs to the field of preparation of cosmetics. The washable hair dye contains an agent I and an agent II, wherein the agent I is prepared from the following components in percentage by mass: 0.25 to 5 percent of graphene, 5 to 10 percent of graphene stabilizer, 0.5 to 2.5 percent of ascorbic acid, 1 to 3 percent of propyl gallate, 5 percent of glycerol, 2 to 5 percent of thickener and the balance of water; the agent II is prepared from the following components in percentage by mass: 5 to 10 percent of ferroussulfate, 0.1 to 0.5 percent of the ascorbic acid, 5 percent of the glycerol, 1 to 5 percent of alkaline agent, 2 to 5 percent of the thickener and the balance of water. The washable hair dye disclosedby the invention has the beneficial effects that dyes such as the graphene and the graphene stabilizer are synergized and reasonable ratio is designed, so that the obtained hair dye has the characteristics of good color fastness, low possibility of fading, anti-static property and the like. The washable hair dye is tested by an experiment to indicate that hairs are still kept bright black after 70 times washing.

The invention relates to a half artificially fed cabbage moth feed and a preparation method thereof. The feed is prepared by mixtures A, B and C, agar and distilled water, wherein the mixture A comprises casein, sucrose, malt meal and wild cabbage powder; the mixture B comprises cellulose, para hydroxybenzoic acid, potassium sorbate and Watkins salt; the mixture C comprises vitamin C, streptomycin sulphate, propyl gallate, vitamin B complex, edible vegetable oil, potassium hydroxide and formalin. The preparation method comprises the following steps: components of the mixture A, B and C are respectively put into a container; 5 / 6 of the distilled water and the agar powder are added into the container for heating and stirring to thawing; the mixture A is poured into the agar liquid and stirred until uniformity; the mixture B is added and stirred until uniformity; the rest distilled water is added, and the mixture C is added when the temperature is decreased to 70 DEG C, and then stirred until uniformity; the obtained product is filled into moth feeding cups; after the surface moisture is dried, the cups are put into a refrigerator for storage. The preparation method and the feed of the invention are scientific, simple, and easy to standardize propagation the cabbage moth indoors with large scale; the cabbage moth fed with the feed has high larva survival rate, orderly development and sound growth; and the descendants of the cabbage moth have high hatching rate.

The invention provides an alprostadil liposome microsphere preparation, in particular to an alprostadil liposome microsphere preparation containing a stabilizing agent, wherein the stabilizing agent contains a component A and a component B; the component A is selected from one or more of oleic acid, sodium oleate and cholesterol; the component B is selected from one or more of vitamin E, coenzymes Q10, propylgallate, ascorbyl palmitate and vitamin C. The stabilizing agent can guarantee that alprostadil is in a relatively stable weak acidic environment, prevent the alprostadil from being oxidized and degraded, reduce the interfacial tension of oil phases and water phases of the microsphere preparation, stabilizes phospholipids bimolecular films of liposome microspheres and has the dual functions of improving the chemical stability and the preparation stability of active medicaments so as to greatly reduce the degradation rate of the alprostadil, obviously prolong the validity period and the storage life of medicaments and avoid the defects of adverse reactions, toxic and side effects, inconvenient use, and the like of the traditional alprostadil preparations.

Provided are a multicomponent crystalline system (co-crystal), use thereof, as well as a process for obtaining the same. The said multicomponent crystalline system (co-crystal) comprises Dasatinib and a second compound selected from methyM-hydrobenzoate, nicotinamide, ethyl gallate, methyl gallate, propyl gallate, ethyl maltol, vanillin, menthol, or (1R,2S,5R)-(−)-menthol.

The invention relates to electronic cigarettes and discloses a solid tobacco. The solid tobacco comprises part groups of following weights: 80-90 parts of base material, 2.5 parts of a first essence combination, 2.5 parts of a second essence combination, and 5-15 parts of tobacco powder. The base material comprises food grade PG (propyl ester gallic acid), edible propylene glycol, purified water, and food grade emulgator, the first essence combination comprises sweetening agent, date jujube tincture, coffee essence, perillartine, pineapple essence and propylene glycol, and the second essence combination comprises Chinese top dressing flavor, date essence, Yunnan tobacco leaf concrete, Zimbabwe prepared opium paste extracting solution, propylene glycol and absolute ethyl alcohol. The invention further discloses a processing method of the solid tobacco tar, and the method includes following steps: (1), preparing the bas material; (2), preparing the first essence combination; (3), preparing the second essence combination; (4), preparing the tobacco powder; and (5), preparing the solid tobacco tar. The solid tobacco tar has the advantages of natural tobacco aroma, few hazardous substances to human body, and stable and reliable physicochemical property.

An antimicrobial composition within an antioxidant solution and used to protect whole protein food source is provided. The antimicrobial compound of the composition is selected preferably from a medium chain fatty acid (MCFA), a long chain fatty acid (LCFA), a phenolic acid, and derivatives or mixtures thereof, and has a pH between about 2 and 6. Antioxidant compounds for the composition are composed preferably from phenolic based compounds such as butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (butylhydroxytoluene, BHT), propyl gallate (propyl 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate), tert-butylhydroquinone (TBHQ, tertiary butylhydroquinone), mixed tocopherols (tocopherols, Vitamin E), rosemary extract, oregano oil (origanum oil) and vegetable oil; other antioxidant compounds such as calcium propanoate (or calcium propionate) and ethyoxyquin; and derivatives or mixtures thereof.

A method for brewing tea soy sauce with nutritive and health-care function includes such steps as pre-treating raw materials including tea leaf (3-15 mass%), preparing leaven, adding saline, butyl hydroxyanisole and propyl gallate, stirring, fermenting and mingling.

The invention provides a preparation method of a regenerated cellulose based cross-linked modified nanofiltration membrane. The preparation method comprises the following steps: firstly, producing a cellulose membrane casting solution by adopting NMMO (N-methylmorpholine-N-oxide), propyl gallate and a cellulose membrane casting solution; secondly, preparing a regenerated cellulose membrane by adopting an immersion gel method, wherein the thickness of the membrane is 2mu m to 50mu m; then, preparing an ALG / CMC blended solution; taking the prepared regenerated cellulose membrane as a basic membrane and uniformly coating the basic membrane with the ALG / CMC (sodium alginate / carboxymethylcellulose sodium) blended solution; carrying out air drying for 12h to 36h at room temperature to obtain a composite cellulose membrane; immersing the obtained composite cellulose membrane into an epichlorohydrin ethanol solution and regulating the pH (Potential of Hydrogen) of the system to 9 to 12; carrying out cross-linking reaction for 4h to 24h under the condition that the temperature is 30 DEG C to 70 DEG C, so as to obtain the regenerated cellulose based cross-linked modified nanofiltration membrane. The preparation method provided by the invention has the advantages of simple preparation process, cheap raw materials and wide sources; the prepared regenerated cellulose based cross-linked modified nanofiltration membrane has the characteristic of high additional value and environment friendliness.

The invention discloses transformer vegetable insulating oil with good heat conducting and radiating performance. The transformer vegetable insulating oil with the good heat conducting and radiating performance is prepared from the following raw materials in parts by weight: 0.15 to 0.25 part of nano-silica hollow spheres, 0.1 to 0.15 part of nano-aluminium nitride, 0.05 to 0.1 part of tea polyphenol, 0.03 to 0.05 part of antioxidant BHA, 3 to 5 parts of dioctyl sebacate, 0.03 to 0.05 part of tetrabutyl titanate, 0.2 to 0.4 part of propyl gallate, 0.5 to 1 part of boric acid, 0.3 to 0.5 part of DiaIk eny Succinimide, 5 to 10 parts of diethanol amine, 1 to 2 parts of pine tar, 80 to 100 parts of refined vegetable oil and 10 to 15 parts of absolute ethyl alcohol. The vegetable insulating oil disclosed by the invention has the characteristics that the long-term anti-oxidation stability is high and the viscosity is low; moreover, the heat conducting property is good; the radiating performance is high; the transformer vegetable insulating oil is high in use performance and long in service life.

The invention relates to a polishing agent capable of resisting leather oxidation, which consists of the following components in parts by mass: 28-35 parts of microcrystalline wax, 20-30 parts of chlorinated paraffin, 15-22 parts of dimethyl silicone oil, 12-20 parts of triethanolamine, 7-12 parts of fatty alcohol-polyoxyethylene ether, 4-8 parts of magnesium stearate, 3-8 parts of aqueous polyurethane emulsion, 3-9 parts of stannous octoate, 4-7 parts of propylgallate, 5-10 parts of mildew preventive, 1-2 parts of essence and 90-110 parts of de-ionized water. The polishing agent capable of resisting the leather oxidation disclosed by the invention has characteristics of decontaminating, polishing and preventing mildew, and is capable of preventing the leather oxidation.

The invention relates to the technical field of textile and specifically relates to a preparation method of toughened antimicrobial mulberry fiber. According to the preparation method disclosed by theinvention, mulberry bark is utilized as a raw material; after acid leaching treatment, the mulberry bark is put into a mixed solution; soda boiled mulberry bark can be obtained after the mulberry bark is boiled; the soda boiled mulberry bark is acid leached again to be neutralized; degummed mulberry fibers can be obtained after treatment; the degummed mulberry fibers are mixed with an N-methylmorpholine water solution to be put into a rotary evaporator; propyl gallate is added; an obtained colloidal spinning solution is treated to finally obtain toughened antimicrobial mulberry fibers. According to the preparation method disclosed by the invention, when the mulberry bark is subjected to soda boil treatment, metal ions around cellulose can be combined with hydroxyl in the cellulose in themulberry bark, a sodium silicate solution can form sol to permeate into the fibers, and fiber net structures in the mulberry fibers are prevented from being damaged; after the mulberry fibers are treated by the N-methylmorpholine water solution, adhesive force between the fibers and flavonoid matters is improved; thus, antimicrobial activity of the mulberry fibers is enhanced, toughness of the mulberry fibers is improved, and an application prospect is wide.

The invention relates to a preparation method for a dried reverse osmosis composite membrane. The preparation method comprises the following steps: soaking a conventional reverse osmosis composite membrane in a protector-containing aqueous solution, wherein the soaking temperature is 10-50 DEG C and the soaking time is 1-10 minutes; and then carrying out thermal treatment for 8-12 minutes in an oven at 80-100 DEG C, wherein the protector is one or a mixture of more of sodium hydrogen sulfite, potassium hydrogen sulfite, ammonium hydrogen sulfite, formic acid, oxalic acid, citric acid, dipotassium glycyrrhizate, butylated hydroxyanisole, butylated hydroxytoluene, propylgallate, tert-butylhydroquinone, tea polyphenol, 3,4,5,7-tetrahydroxy flavone and a glycyrrhisoflavone solution. The preparation method provided by the invention not only can be used for realizing dry state storage of the reverse osmosis composite membrane, but also can effectively solve the problem that the dried reverse osmosis composite membrane is attenuated in performance in a long-term storage process.

The invention discloses a composition with health-care function, which is prepared by the following raw materials by weight percent: 99.95-99.99 of common seepweed herb rap oil and 0.01-0.05 of antioxidant, wherein the antioxidant is one kind or several kinds of butyl hydroxy anisol, tert-butyl hydroquinone, dibutyl hydroxy toluene, propyl gallate, Vitamin C, Vitamin E and citric acid; and 5-40 percent of the common seepweed herb rap oil can be replaced by one kind or several kinds of fish oil, evening primrose oil, perilla herb oil, teaseed oil, palm oil, maize germ, walnut-meat oil, olive oil and canola oil. The composition has the functions of lowering blood lipid, regulating blood sugar and strengthening immunity and can be prepared into soft capsule or oral solution.

The invention discloses saline-alkaline resistant Bacillus pacificus, and a biogen and application thereof. Bacillus pacificus YJJK-16 isolated from rhizosphere soil of chinese cabbages in saline andalkaline land is preserved in a general microbial center of China committee for culture collection of microorganisms on July 26, 2009, and the preservation number is CGMCC No.18300. Propyl gallate, biochemical fulvic acid powder and kathon are added into fermentation liquid of bacterial strains and stirred evenly to obtain the biogen. The Bacillus pacificus YJJK-16 has high saline-alkaline resistance, the colonization rate in saline alkali soil is high, the antagonistic effect is high on chinese cabbage soft rot pathogenic bacteria, the Bacillus pacificus YJJK-16 can be used for production ofmicrobial fertilizer, especially microbial fertilizer special for the chinese cabbages in the saline and alkaline land, is used for biological control of chinese cabbage soft rot, occurrence of diseases is reduced, and the yield and the quality are improved.

The invention provides a preparation method for aluminium oxide porous ceramic. Freeze drying and direct foaming are combined, a surfactant is utilized for modifying particle surfaces and further for enabling particles to have partial hydrophobicity, and particles with the partial hydrophobicity are utilized for stabilizing foams, so that the porous ceramic with high mechanical strength and relatively more closed pores is obtained. According to the preparation method, propyl gallate is utilized for modifying aluminium oxide particles and further for enabling aluminium oxide particles to have partial hydrophobicity, because solid particles with partial hydrophobicity has extremely high adsorption energy at a gas-liquid interface, the aluminium oxide particles are absorbed at a gas-liquid interface in an almost irreversible form, thus a low-energy-state gas-solid interface replaces the high-energy-state gas-liquid interface, and therefore the interfacial energy is reduced, the foam stability is substantially improved, the foam collapse time is prolonged, the pore structure in a dried blank body is guaranteed to be complete, and also the clear dimension of a sample is guaranteed to be unchanged by utilizing the freeze drying process for drying. The prepared aluminium oxide porous ceramic has the density of 0.35-0.65 g / cm<3>, the porosity of 75-90% and the compressive strength of 1.5-16 MPa.

A freeze-dried powder injection of gallopropylate is prepared from gallopropylate, cosolvent chosen from dextran, cyclodextrin, and polysorbate 80, and freeze-drying supporting agent chosen from detran, mannitol, glucose, lactose and sodium chloride.