The invention belongs to the technical field of separation and purification of rare earth, and particularly relates to an environment-friendly high-purity cerium dioxide extraction method. The methodcomprises the following steps: (1) extracting: mixing a cerium chloride material liquid and an extracting agent at the volume ratio of 1:(1.2-1.5), extracting, separating, adding hydrotalcite whose weight is 4-6% of the weight of the extracting agent at the same time, conducting ultrasonic dispersion for 20-30 minutes, leaving to stand, then separating, recycling a solid phase, inputting an organic phase into a reextraction procedure; (2) reextracting: taking an oxalic acid solution, wherein the volume of the oxalic acid solution is 1.5-2.0 times the volume of the organic phase, reextracting at the temperature of 50-60 DEG C, conducting ultrasonic dispersion for 20-30 minutes, filtering to obtain a precipitate; (3) oxidizing: firing and oxidizing the obtained precipitate at the temperatureof 1000-1100 DEG C for 12-15 hours, and obtaining the high-purity cerium dioxide. The method abandons the traditional alkaline saponification causing serious ammonia nitrogen pollution, and the artificial hydrotalcite is used to implement ion exchange in the extraction process, so that the balanced acidity of the system is maintained, and the environmental pollution is reduced.