The invention provides a pneumatic type ejector for carrier-based airplanes of an airplane carrier. A group of steel wire ropes are driven to shrink by a plurality of closed pneumatic cylinders at the same time, and a sliding shuttle on a takeoff runway is driven to slide through the shrinkage of the steel wire ropes, so that the carrier-based airplanes are pushed to take off in an ejecting mode. The structure comprises the carrier-based airplane takeoff runway, the sliding shuttle, the traction steel wire ropes, a plurality of pneumatic cylinder module components, high-pressure gas pipes and a resetting winch, wherein the pneumatic cylinder module components consist of fixed frameworks, the pneumatic cylinders, pistons, piston connecting rods, pulley frames, driving pulleys, anti-breaking pulleys and sliders; the cylinder bodies of the pneumatic cylinders are fixed in the fixed frameworks; the head parts of the pneumatic cylinders are arranged at intervals in a staggered and opposite mode; and the tail parts of the pneumatic cylinders are connected with the high-pressure gas pipes by electrically-controlled valves. Compared with the prior art, the large-thrust multiple acceleration type pneumatic ejector for the carrier-based airplanes of the airplane carrier is characterized in that: the large-thrust multiple acceleration type pneumatic ejector has a simple structure, low cost, light weight, a high power conversion rate and long service life, saves energy and can adapt to the launch of various carrier-based airplanes (including light aircrafts and unmanned aerial vehicles), and the power and the takeoff distance can be adjusted.