57 results about "CN-group" patented technology

A microcapsule containing core material and a capsule wall, in which the capsule wall of the microcapsule comprises:organopolysiloxane synthesized by polycondensing one or more compounds represented by the general formula (II):wherein, m represents an integer from 1 to 4; n represents an integer from 0 to 3; m+n<=4; R represents an organic group in which a carbon atom is directly connected to a silicone atom, and when n is greater than 1, each of the R groups may be the same or different; and Y represents at least one group selected from the group consisting of an alkoxy group, hydrogen and siloxy group, and when (4-m-n) is greater than 1, each of the groups Y may be the same or different; provided that the compound (B) comprises at least one compound of formula(II) wherein m=2 or 3 and at least one of R group possesses affinity for at least one of a continuous phase and a dispersed phase;a method for producing the microcapsule; anda use of the microcapseile, for example for cosmetics are provided.

The invention relates to novel ligands of 5-HT6 receptor, to a pharmaceutical composition containing said novel ligands of 5-HT6 receptor as active component and to novel medicaments used for humans and warm-blooded animals for treating diseases and conditions of central nervous system, in pathogenesis of which neuromediator systems induced by 5-HT6 receptors are playing an essential role.Azaheterocyclic compounds of the general formula 1 or racemates, or optical or geometrical isomers, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts and / or hydrates thereof are used as 5-HT6 ligands.Wherein R2 and R3 independently of each other represent an amino group substituent selected from hydrogen; substituted carbonyl; substituted aminocarbonyl; substituted aminothiocarbonyl; substituted sulphonyl; C1-C5-alkyl optionally substituted by: C6-C10-arylaminocarbonyl, heterocyclyl, C6-C10-arylaminocarbonyl, C6-C10-arylaminothiocarbonyl, C5-C10-azaheteroaryl, optionally substituted carboxyl, nitryl group, optionally substituted aryl; R1k represents from 1 to 3 substituents of cyclic system, independent of each other and selected from hydrogen, optionally substituted C1-C5-alkyl, C1-C5-alkoxy, C1-C5-alkenyl, C1-C5-alkynyl, halogen, trifluoromethyl, CN-group, carboxyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, substituted sulfonyl, optionally substituted carboxyl; the solid line accompanied by the dotted line represents a single or a double bond; n=1, 2 or 3.

The present invention relates to IR-sensitive compositions suitable for the manufacture of printing plates developable on-press. The IR-sensitive compositions comprise a first polymeric binder which does not comprise acidic groups having a pKa value≦8; a second polymeric binder comprising polyether groups; an initiator system; and a free radical polymerizable system comprising at least one member selected from unsaturated free radical polymerizable monomers, free radical polymerizable oligomers and polymers containing C═C bonds in the back bone and / or in the side chain groups. The initiator system includes (i) at least one compound capable of absorbing IR radiation; (ii) at least one compound capable of producing radicals selected from polyhaloalkyl-substituted compounds; and (iii) at least one polycarboxylic acid of formula R4—(CR5R6)r—Y—CH2COOH, wherein oxi<redii+1.6 eV, where oxi=oxidation potential of component (i) in eV, and redii=reduction potential of component (ii) in eV.

A polishing slurry containing a slurry dispersing particles of tetravalent metal hydroxide in a medium therein and an additive, characterized in that the additive is a polymer containing at least one kind of monomer component selected from a group of monomers represented with a general formulae (I) and (II) below (In the general formulae (I) and (II), R1 denotes hydrogen, a methyl group, a phenyl group, a benzil group, a chlorine group, a difluoromethyl group, a trifluoromethyl group or a cyano group, R2 and R3 denote hydrogen or an alkyl chain having 1 to 18 carbon atoms, a methylol group, an acetyl group or a diacetonyl group, and a case where both are hydrogen is not included. R4 denotes a morpholino group, a thiomorpholino group, a pyrrolidinyl group or a piperidino group.) The invention provides a polishing slurry in which particles form a chemical reaction layer with a polishing film to be removed with a very small mechanical action of the particles and mechanical removal by a pad without scratches and the additive realizes high planarity.

The invention discloses a session data processing method and device, a knowledge base building method and device, a knowledge base optimizing method and device and an interaction method and device. The session data processing method includes the steps that semantic clustering processing is carried out on a first interrogative sentence of each piece of to-be-processed session data, and one or more first groups are obtained; semantic clustering processing is carried out on second interrogative sentences of all the to-be-processed session data belonging to the same first groups, and one or more second groups are obtained; the semantic clustering processing process is constantly repeated till one or more leaf groups meeting preset conditions are obtained, in other words, semantic clustering processing is carried out on (i+1)th interrogative sentences of all to-be-processed session data belonging to the same ith groups, and one or more (i+1)th groups are obtained; based on the semantic clustering processing result, a scene session sequence is established through time-sequence arraying according to all the leaf groups and all the corresponding higher-level groups. By means of the scheme, the situation that corresponding content can not be fed back to a user can be reduced, and the user experience can be improved.

The invention discloses a Taichi type graphene filter choke and a manufacturing method thereof. The choke comprises a plurality of groups of circular coils, an S-shaped coil, a positive pin and a negative pin, wherein one end of the S-shaped coil is connected with the first group of circular coils, the other end of the S-shaped coil is connected with the second group of circular coils, the first group of circular coils is connected with the third group of circular coils, the second group of circular coils is connected with the fourth group of circular coils, successively, the M-th group of circular coils is connected with the (M+2)-th group of circular coils, the (M+1)-th group of circular coils is connected with the (M+3)-th group of circular coils, and the M is greater than or equal to 3; the (M+2)-th group of circular coils is connected with the positive pin, and the (M+3)-th group of circular coils is connected with the negative pin; the first group of circular coils to the (M+3)-th group of circular coils are the same in semidiameters, and are arranged in parallel successively to form a tubular choke structure; the choke consisting of the groups of circular coils and the S-shaped coil is formed by circling a wire rod, and the surface of the wire rod is uniformly coated with a filter layer.

The invention relates to a novel calibration plate and a calibration method for performing length measurement by using the calibration plate. According to the structure of the novel calibration plate, a calibration plate body is provided with a plurality of positioning balls; the positioning balls are divided into four groups, wherein each group includes two positioning balls; the positioning balls in the A group are located at two sides of a vertical midline of the calibration plate and are symmetrically arranged; the diameter of the positioning balls in the A group is 50mm; the interval between the positioning balls in the A group is 150mm; the diameter of the positioning balls in the B group is 80mm; the positioning balls in the B group are located obliquely below the outer sides of the positioning balls in the A group; the interval between the positioning balls in the B group is 250mm; the diameter of the positioning balls in the C group is 150mm; the positioning balls in the C group are located at the outer sides of the positioning balls in the B group; the interval between the positioning balls in the C group is 400mm; the diameter of the positioning balls in the D group is 150mm; the positioning balls in the D group are located at the outer sides of the positioning balls in the C group; and the interval between the positioning balls in the D group is 750mm. The calibration method includes the following steps that: the difference of measurement indicating length La between positioning balls in each group and actual dimension between positioning balls in each group of the novel calibration plate, namely a calibration length truth value Lr, is obtained, so that a measurement error E can be obtained; an optical 3D measurement system is adjusted until the error satisfies accuracy requirements, and calibration work can be completed. This method is simple, quick, convenient and practical.

The invention relates to a twin cationic surface active agent and a viscoelastic fracturing fluid containing same, wherein the twin cationic surface active agent has the following general formula, wherein R group is alkyl group of C2-C6, R1 and R2 group are alkyl group, alkyl alkenyl group and alkyl arene of C12-C20, R3 and R4 group are alkane and alkyl alcohol of C1-C3, and X group is chlorine or bromine. The viscoelastic fracturing fluid comprises the components by mass percent: 0.1-2.0% of twin cationic surface active agent, 0.1-5.0% of B, 0.05-5.0% of C and balance water. The prepared viscoelastic fracturing fluid has the characteristics of low viscosity, good proppant carrying capacity, no residue and the like, has the effective proppant carrying capacity in the fracture construction, reduces the damage for stratum, improves the width generation capacity, effectively controls the height and the width of a gap, and is very suitable for popularization and application in the oil and gas field.

A method of bonding a first substrate to a second substrate includes providing a glass, applying the glass in a layer between the first and second substrates to form an assembly, and heating the assembly to a bonding temperature above a glass transition temperature of the devitrifying glass, selected to cause the glass to bond the first substrate to the second substrate. The devitrifying glass has constituents that include various amounts of group A in a molar concentration of 70-95%, group B in a molar concentration of 5-20%, group C in a molar concentration of 1-20%, group D in a molar concentration of 0-6%; and group E in a molar concentration of 0-10%. The group A, B, C, D and E groups are disclosed herein.

The invention discloses a cyclic quaternary ammonium salt gemini surfactant. The preparation method comprises: carrying out a substitution reaction by using 1-bromoalkane and piperidine as raw materials to obtain alkyl substituted piperidine; and carrying out a quaternization reaction on benzyl dihalide and the alkyl substituted piperidine to obtain the heterocyclic quaternary ammonium salt gemini surfactant. According to the present invention, the cyclic head group and the rigid linking chain group are concurrently introduced, such that the space volume is much larger than the linear chain alkyl chain structure, the maximum single molecule occupation area of the surfactant is significantly improved, and the surface adsorption function and the efficiency of the surfactant are improved; and the method has advantages of easily-available raw materials, simple preparation process, low pollution, high product yield, high product purity, and important practical application significance.

The invention discloses a user distance based pilot frequency distribution method in a large scale distributive antenna system. The method is characterized in that after a user in a dominated state is selected as a key user, P-1 users that are most adjacent to the user is eliminated and the rest users is divided into P groups by adopting the distribution method in a recursive way; the optimal group and the user in the dominated state are arranged in one pilot frequency group and the distribution of the next pilot frequency group is performed, wherein P is the pilot frequency number. According to the invention, by adopting the employed algorithm, the estimation performance approximate to traverse optimal (performance upper limit) can be realized with comparatively low complexity.

Methods, systems, and devices are described for acquiring a network by a user equipment (UE) by concurrently scanning for a network signal on supported frequencies by two or more antennas. In one aspect, a method may include searching by a first antenna for a first signal on a first group of supported frequencies while concurrently searching by a second antenna for the first signal on a second group of supported frequencies. The method may further include acquiring the first signal from the first antenna on a first frequency, and tuning the second antenna to the first frequency to acquire the wireless network. In one aspect, the first and second groups of supported frequencies may represent frequencies within a single frequency band or frequencies in multiple frequency bands. In one aspect, supported frequencies may be divided into multiple groups and each group may be searched by a corresponding antenna.

Disclosed are a compound represented by the formula (I') below, a salt thereof, and a solvate of any of them. Also disclosed are a pharmaceutical composition containing such a compound as an active ingredient, and a TRPV 1 (Transient Receptor Potential Type I) receptor antagonist. [Chemical formula 1] (I') (In the formula, m, n and p respectively represent 0-2; q represents 0-1; R1 represents ahalogen, a hydrocarbon group, a heterocyclic group, an alkoxy group, an alkoxycarbonyl group, a sulfamoyl group, a CN group, an NO2 group or the like; R2 represents a halogen, an amino, a hydrocarbon group, an aromatic heterocyclic group or an oxo group; X1 represents O, -NR3- or -S(O)r-; X2 represents a methylene group, O, -NR3- or -S(O)r-; Q' represents a heteroaryl group, a heteroarylalkyl group, a substituted aryl group or aralkyl group; the cycle moiety represents an aryl ring or a heteroaryl ring; and the wavy line represents an E-form or a Z-form.).

A multilayered article is disclosed, which includes, in sequence: (1) a substrate (S), e.g., of thermoplastic polycarbonate; (2) a scratch-resistant layer (SR); and (3) a top layer (T). The scratch-resistant layer is prepared by curing a scratch-resistant coating composition comprising a polycondensate prepared from at least one silane, said polycondensate being prepared by a sol-gel process. The top layer is prepared by curing a top layer coating composition prepared by hydrolyzing a composition which includes:at lest one compound represented by general formula I,M(R′)m  (I)wherein M is an element selected from the group consisting of Si, Ti, Zr, Sn, Ce, Al, B, VO, In and Zn, R′ represents a hydrolysable radical, and m is an integer from 2 to 4; and optionally at least one compound represented by general formula II,RbSiR′a,   (II)wherein the radicals R′ and R are the same or different, R′ is as defined for general formula (I), R represents a group selected from an alkyl group, an alkenyl group, an aryl group, a hydrocarbon group with at least one halogen group, an epoxide group, a glycidyloxy group, an amino group, a mercapto group, a methacryloxy group and a cyano group, and a and b independently of one another have a value from 1 to 3, provided that the sum of a and b is four.The multilayered articles are distinguished by possessing outstanding scratch and abrasion resistance.

The invention provides a high-temperature lithium ion battery electrolyte, which includes lithium salt, an organic solvent and a de-watering additive, which has a structural formula shown as the formula (1) in the description. In the formula (1), R1 is a -NCH-(CH2)n-CN group, 0<n<=20, R2 is a -R11-CO-NR12R13 group, R11 is a -(CH2)m- group, 0<=m<19, R12, R13 are dependently selected from one of H and -(CH2)x-CH3 group, 0<=x<=19-m, m, n, and x are integers, and R3 is selected from any one of H, F, Cl, and Br. The high-temperature lithium ion battery electrolyte can efficiently remove a trace amount of water from a battery system, inhibits HF generation, protects the electrochemical system in the battery, and obviously improves the high-temperature memory performance and high-temperature cycling performance of the lithium ion battery. The invention further provides a preparation method of the electrolyte and a high-temperature lithium ion battery containing the electrolyte.

The invention discloses a vinyl bridged bipolypyrrole compound containing an electron donor, pi and an electron acceptor simultaneously (D-pi-A) and a synthesis method of the compound. The structure of the compound is shown as the formula in the description, wherein a substituent group R1 is an electron-donating group such as an alkoxy group, an amino group, a hydroxyl group and the like, and R2 is an electron-withdrawing group such as an acyl group, an aldehyde group, a carboxyl group, an acylamino group, a sulfonic group, a cyano group, a nitro group, a haloform group, a quaternary amine group and the like. The D-pi-A vinyl bridged bipolypyrrole compound is generated finally from a 2,3,3-trimethylindole derivative and a pyrrole-2-carboxaldehyde derivative as raw materials through a Knoevenagel condensation reaction under the action of an organic catalyst. The synthesis method of the compound containing the electron donor, pi and the electron acceptor (D-pi-A) is simple, reaction conditions are easy to control, and the method has universal adaptability. Pi conjugation, band gap and photoelectric property of the material can be regulated and controlled effectively by selecting proper fluorophore, electron donor and electron acceptor.

The present invention provides a composition for forming a liquid crystal layer from which a liquid crystal display device hardly generating image sticking can be obtained. The composition for forming a liquid crystal layer according to the present invention contains a liquid crystal material and one or two or more monomers, wherein at least one of the monomers is a phenanthrene derivative represented by the following chemical formula (1):the following chemical formula (2):or the following chemical formula (3):wherein R1 and R2 are identical or different, and each denote an -Sp-P group, a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, a —CN group, a —NO2 group, a —NCO group, a —NCS group, an —OCN group, a —SCN group, a —SF5 group, or a straight-chain or branched-chain alkyl group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms; at least one of R1 and R2 denotes an -Sp-P group; P denotes a polymerizable group; Sp denotes a straight-chain, branched-chain or cyclic alkylene group or alkyleneoxy group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, or a direct bond of both groups interposing Sp; a hydrogen atom which R1 and R2 have may be replaced by a fluorine atom or a chlorine atom; and a —CH2— group which R1 and R2 have, unless oxygen atoms, sulfur atoms and nitrogen atoms are mutually adjacent, may be substituted with an —O— group, a —S— group, a —NH— group, a —CO— group, a —COO— group, a —OCO— group, an —O—COO— group, a —OCH2— group, a —CH2O— group, a —SCH2— group, a —CH2S— group, a —N(CH3)— group, a —N(C2H5)— group, a —N(C3H7)— group, a —N(C4H5)— group, a —CF2O— group, a —OCF2— group, a —CF2S— group, a —SCF2— group, a —N(CF3)— group, a —CH2CH2— group, a —CF2CH2— group, a —CH2CF2— group, a —CF2CF2— group, a —CH═CH— group, a —CF═CF— group, a —C≡C— group, a —CH═CH—COO— group, or a —OCO—CH═CH— group.

A compound represented by formula (I′):(wherein m, n, and p each represent 0 to 2; q represents 0 or 1; R1 represents halogen, a hydrocarbon group, a heterocyclic group, an alkoxy group, an alkoxycarbonyl group, a sulfamoyl group, a CN group, an NO2 group, or the like; R2 represents halogen, amino, a hydrocarbon group, an aromatic heterocyclic group, or an oxo group; X1 represents O, —NR3—, or —S(O)r-; X2 represents a methylene group, O, —NR3—, or —S(O)r-; Q′ represents a heteroaryl group, a heteroarylalkyl group, a substituted aryl group, or an aralkyl group; Cycle moiety represents an aryl ring or a heteroaryl ring; and the wavy line represents an E-isomer or a Z-isomer), a salt of the compound, or a solvate of the compound or the salt. A pharmaceutical composition and a transient receptor potential type I (TRPV1) receptor antagonist each contain, as an active ingredient, at least one of the compound, a salt of the compound, and a solvate of the compound or the salt.

The invention provides a drug which inhibits BCRP. A breast cancer resistance protein inhibitor containing, as an active ingredient, a diphenylacrylonitrile derivative represented by the following formula (1): [wherein, each of 8 R's, which are the same or different from one another, represents a hydrogen atom, a hydroxyl group, a nitro group, an amino group, an acetylamino group (—NHCOCH3 group); a cyano group (—CN group); a formyl group (—CHO group), —COOR1 (R1 is hydrogen or C1-C4 alkyl), —O(CH2)nCOOR2 (n=1−7: R2 is hydrogen or C1-C4 alkyl), —OOCCH2CH2COOR3 (R3 is hydrogen, C1-C4 alkyl, (Z)-2-(3,4-dimethoxy-phenyl)-3-(4-hydroxy-phenyl)-acrylonitrile, or glycopyranosyl), a C1-C8 alkoxy group, a C1-C4 alkyl group, a halogen atom, a C1-C4 alkoxy C1-C4 alkoxy C1-C4 alkoxy group, a C2-C8 acyloxy group, a C2-C8 halogenoacyloxy group, a methylenedioxy group, a trifluoromethyl group, a phosphate group (i.e., —OP(O) (OH)2) or a salt thereof, a sulfate group (i.e., —OSO3H) or a salt thereof, a glycopyranosyl group or a salt thereof, a phosphate ester of a glycopyranosyl group or a salt of the ester, a sulfate ester of a glycopyranosyl group or a salt of the ester, or a piperidinopiperidinocarbonyloxy group], an ester thereof, or a salt thereof.

The invention discloses an information processing method for improving information diversity. The method comprises: determining N groups which a first contact person belongs to, N being an integer not smaller than 2; and determining N images respectively corresponding to the N groups in which the first contact person is located, the N images being pairwise different. The invention also discloses a display method, and an electronic device for respectively realizing the two methods.

The invention discloses a synthetic method of 2-cyano-4'-methylbiphenyl, which adopts paratoluidine and benzoyl chloride as raw materials; a Friedel-Crafts acylation reaction is carried out under a Lewis acid catalysis condition; then a ring-closure reaction of a diazonium salt and a benzene ring is carried out in the presence of sodium nitrite; ring opening is carried out under an alkaline condition to generate a main product as shown in formula VI and a byproduct as shown in formula VII, and the ring-opening products are prepared into salts which are then subjected to separation; and finally, carboxyl groups are converted into cyan groups to obtain 2-cyano-4'-methylbiphenyl. The synthetic method of the invention has the advantages of easily available raw materials, safety, convenience for production management, low cost, reduction in 'three wastes' pollution, byproduct recyclability, and improved atom utilization rate.

The invention discloses a benzothiadiazole unit-based A-pi-A'-pi-A type acceptor photovoltaic material, and a preparation method and an application thereof, and belongs to the field of organic photoelectric materials. The material adopts benzothiadiazole as a nucleus, adopts a nitro group and a 4-fluorophenyl group as end groups, and adopts a 2-cyano-styryl group as a pi connecting bond; and alkyl-modified thienyl groups are introduced to two sides of the benzothiadiazole unit in order to improve the solubility of the material, extend the conjugation length of a molecule and enhance the intramolecular charge transfer ability. The organic small molecular material obtains Jsc exceeding 1.0 mA cm<-2>, and has large redshifts being 34 nm and 38 nm respectively. The PCE of the material is increased from 0.1% to 1.0% and increases 10 times after replacing the nitro end group (M1) with the 4-fluorophenyl group (M2) due to the M2 having high Jsc and Voc, so the M2 material has higher potentialto be a high-efficiency non-fullerene small molecular acceptor photovoltaic material than the M1.

The invention provides a current detection system, and a method and device for detecting current. The current detection system comprises a printed circuit board and N groups of amplifying devices, andeach group of amplifying devices in the N groups of amplifying devices comprises at least one amplifying device , wherein N is a positive integer larger than or equal to 1, and N Rogowski coils are mounted on the printed circuit board; the n Rogowski coil of the N Rogowski coils and the n current-carrying conductor of N current-carrying conductors are concentrically mounted, and the planes of the n Rogowski coil and the n current-carrying conductor are perpendicular; and the output end of the n Rogowski coil is connected with the input end of the first amplifying device ofthe n group of amplifying devices of the N groups of amplifying devices. The current detection system is integrated on electrical equipment conveniently, and furthermore, if each group of the amplifying devices comprises multiple amplifying devices, the current detection system can be used in different electrical equipment.

The invention discloses a benzonitrile derivative substituted by bicarbazole-aromatic amine or an aromatic amine derivative and an application of the benzonitrile derivative to production of an electroluminescent device and belongs to technical field of organic electroluminescence. The compound disclosed by the invention has a structural formula as shown in the following specification, two carbazoles with relatively weak electron donating ability or carbazole derivatives are introduced to an ortho-position of a CN group, and the CN group is encircled by using two conjugated groups with relatively large volumes, which are beneficial to the improvement of light emitting efficiency and stability of a material; and two carbazole groups with conjugated structures are introduced to the ortho-position of the CN group, so that the benzonitrile derivative is good in carrier transportation characteristic and capable of improving the carrier transportation performance of the material and makes the material have good electroluminescent property under the condition that the material is not doped.

The invention relates to the modified ethylene rhodanate resin containing CN-based organic silicon copolymer and a preparation method thereof. The method has technical characteristics that the following steps are included: mixing 100 parts (by mass part) of ethylene rhodanate resin and 1-30 parts of CN-based organic silicon copolymer by a cosolvent method; distilling to remove the solvent; carrying out pre-polymerization; solidifying according to certain solidification technology to obtain the modified ethylene rhodanate resin containing CN-based organic silicon copolymer. Compared with the traditional ethylene rhodanate modification method, the method has good heat resistance owing to the fact that the organic silicon belongs to giant molecules; owing to the containing of the CN radical, the method can be dissolved in organic solvent and has good compatibility with the ethylene rhodanate resin, thereby remarkably improving the mechanical performance, heat performance and dielectric performance of the modification system. Furthermore, the modification system has favorable impact strength, bending strength and excellent heat resistance and dielectric performance, which can be used as the resin matrix of electronic encapsulating materials and wave-transparent composite materials.

The invention provides a drug which inhibits BCRP.A breast cancer resistance protein inhibitor containing, as an active ingredient, a diphenylacrylonitrile derivative represented by the following formula (1):[wherein, each of 8 R's, which are the same or different from one another, represents a hydrogen atom, a hydroxyl group, a nitro group, an amino group, an acetylamino group (—NHCOCH3 group); a cyano group (—CN group); a formyl group (—CHO group), —COOR1 (R1 is hydrogen or C1-C4 alkyl), —O(CH2)nCOOR2 (n=1−7: R2 is hydrogen or C1-C4 alkyl), —OOCCH2CH2COOR3 (R3 is hydrogen, C1-C4 alkyl, (Z)-2-(3,4-dimethoxy-phenyl)-3-(4-hydroxy-phenyl)-acrylonitrile, or glycopyranosyl), a C1-C8 alkoxy group, a C1-C4 alkyl group, a halogen atom, a C1-C4 alkoxy C1-C4 alkoxy C1-C4 alkoxy group, a C2-C8 acyloxy group, a C2-C8 halogenoacyloxy group, a methylenedioxy group, a trifluoromethyl group, a phosphate group (i.e., —OP(O) (OH)2) or a salt thereof, a sulfate group (i.e., —OSO3H) or a salt thereof, a glycopyranosyl group or a salt thereof, a phosphate ester of a glycopyranosyl group or a salt of the ester, a sulfate ester of a glycopyranosyl group or a salt of the ester, or a piperidinopiperidinocarbonyloxy group], an ester thereof, or a salt thereof.

Methods of encoding and decoding for video data are described in which multi-level significance maps are used in the encoding and decoding processes. The significant-coefficient flags that form the significance map are grouped into contiguous groups, and a significant-coefficient-group flag signifies for each group whether that group contains no non-zero significant-coefficient flags. A multi-level scan order may be used in which significant-coefficient flags are scanned group-by-group. The group scan order specifies the order in which the groups are processed, and the scan order specifies the order in which individual significant-coefficient flags within the group are processed. The bitstream may interleave the significant-coefficient-group flags and their corresponding significant-coefficient flags, if any.