The invention relates to a thermal analysis method for measuring the contents of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), SiO2 and aluminum hydroxide (ATH) in a silicone rubber composite insulator. The method comprises the steps of S1, respectively measuring the thermal gravity loss (TG) curves of the PDMS, the ATH and the SiO2 for three times by a thermal gravity loss-differential thermal analysis combination comprehensive thermal analyzer, and averaging; S2, cutting three parts from the silicone rubber insulator randomly, wherein the cut parts have the sizes of 1cm*1cm and the masses within the range of 5-50mg; pretreating, then measuring the TG curves of the silicone rubber insulator for three times, and averaging; S3, calculating the thermal weight loss rates of the PDMS, the ATH, the SiO2 and the silicone rubber insulator in the ranges of 20-360 DEG C and 360-700 DEG C according to the TG curves; S4, substituting the obtained numerical values into the formula delta M=(m(ATH)*deltam(ATH)+m(PDMS)*delta m(PDMS)+m(SiO2)*delta m(SiO2))/(m(ATH)+m(PDMS)+m(SiO2)); and S5, working out the equation in the S4, and calculating the contents of the ATH and the SiO2 relative to the PDMS. According to the method, the contents of the three components of the silicone rubber composite insulator can be worked out by utilizing the thermal weight loss rates of the three components in the respective specific thermal decomposition temperature ranges, and a concrete calculation method is provided.