The invention provides a comprehensive waste heat utilization system of an internal combustion engine. The system comprises an organic working medium pump, a first heat exchanger, an expansion machine, a second heat exchanger, a generator, a water inlet pipe, a water outlet pipe, a cooling water pump, a first stop valve, a first cooling tower, a second stop valve, a first inlet pipe, an absorption type heat pump unit, a first outlet pipe, a flue gas waste-heat heat exchanger, a flue gas emission pipeline, a fluid circulation inlet pipe, a fluid circulation outlet pipe, a third stop valve, a second outlet pipe and a fluid pump. The flue gas waste-heat heat exchanger and the absorption type heat pump unit are used for recovering waste heat of flue gas emitted by the internal combustion engine and waste heat of cooling water of the internal combustion engine for heating organic working medium, and the organic working medium is enabled to evaporate to overheating gaseous organic working medium under pressure for driving the expansion machine to act. Based on Rankine cycle of the organic working medium, waste heat energy of the internal combustion engine is recovered comprehensively, and comprehensive waste heat utilization efficiency of the internal combustion engine and power generation efficiency of an organic working medium Rankine cycle system can be improved.