347results about How to "Improve plugging efficiency" patented technology

An optical device and method for fabricating an optical device. The optical device comprising: a semiconductor material comprising an active layer configured to emit light when an electrical current is applied to the device and / or to generate an electrical current when light is incident on the active layer, wherein the semiconductor material comprises a first surface and an opposed second surface, from which light is emitted from and / or received by the device, and wherein the first surface defines a first structure comprising the active layer and configured to reflect light emitted from the active layer toward the second surface and / or to reflect light received by the device toward the active layer, and the second surface defines a second structure configured to permit light incident on the second surface at an angle outside a critical angle range to the planar normal to pass therethrough.

A lost circulation material (LCM) having date fruit caps is provided. The date fruit cap LCM includes date fruit caps from a date tree. The date fruit caps have multiple flakes (for example, three flakes) attached at one end to an end cap and free at the other end. The date fruit caps may be obtained from the waste product of date tree and date fruit processing. The date fruit cap LCM may be added to a drilling fluid (for example, a drilling mud) to mitigate or prevent such lost circulation in a well. Methods of lost circulation control with the date fruit cap LCM are also provided.

The invention relates to flexible airbags for a coal working face and a method adopting the same to block off corners. Each flexible airbag comprises an airbag body and a fixed ring arranged on the periphery of the airbag body; wherein the airbag body comprises an inner container and an outer container; and air inlet valves and pressure releasing valves are arranged on both the inner container and the outer container. The method comprises the following steps: firstly, single props are arranged at upper and lower corners of the coal working face at intervals, and are fixed between a top plate and a bottom plates of a roadway; the single props are positioned in the same plane parallel to the coal working face; one flexible airbag for the coal face is arranged on the side, far from the coal working face, of each single prop; the flexible airbags are fixed on the single props to inflate the single props; and the upper corners and the lower corners of the flexible airbags for the coal working face, filled with air, are filled by the flexible airbags. The flexible airbags are simple in structure, convenient to use, and good in block-off effect. The method realizes the mechanized blocking off, and not only is high in efficiency and good in block off effect, but also reduces the labor intensity of workers greatly.

Direct generation semiconductor infrared countermeasure lasers are provided that can be independently modulated and combined so as to provide a simultaneously-generated multi-spectral output for the beam. The countermeasure system is smaller and more lightweight than conventional IRCM laser systems, is less expensive, is non-cryogenically cooled and is configurable for multi-spectral generation with asynchronous jam codes in which the spectral distribution can be customized by combining multiple emitters with a range of center wavelengths.

The invention discloses a novel phosphorus and magnesium based cement grouting material and a preparation method and belongs to the field of technical application of grouting materials. The grouting material is prepared from the following raw materials in parts by weight: a component A: 30 to 90 parts of a compound magnesium compound, 0.5 to 5 parts of a compound retarder, 0.2 to 0.7 part of a water reducer, 0.2 to 1.5 parts of an acid-alkali buffering agent, 1 to 5 parts of a compound stabilizer and 0.5 to 1.5 parts of a compound surfactant; a component B: 20 to 50 parts of phosphate and 0.2to 2 parts of a de-foaming agent. The preparation method comprises the following steps: accurately weighing materials of the component A and the component B according to the ratio and uniformly stirring; mixing with water according to the weight ratio of 100 to (20 to 50) and stirring to form slurry; after uniformly mixing, pressing a mixture into gaps or cracks and curing. The novel phosphorus and magnesium based cement grouting material disclosed by the invention has the beneficial effects of controllable coagulation time, large adjustable range, high early age strength, high bonding strength, good permeability, simplicity and convenience for construction, greenness and environment protection and low cost, and meets the requirements on three properties including injectability, controllability and permeability resistance.

The invention discloses an engine airtight detection rapid plugging head, comprising a cam handle, a cam, a pull rod, an upper gasket, a rubber sleeve, a lower gasket and a nut; wherein the pull rod is sheathed with the upper gasket and the rubber sleeve, the upper gasket is arranged above the rubber sleeve, the bottom of the rubber sleeve is adhered with the lower gasket, the lower gasket is limited by the nut sheathed on the pull rod; the cam is arranged above the upper gasket, the cam is arranged at the bottom of the cam handle, and the cam is hinged with the upper end of the pull rod. The invention can effectively reduce mounting time of plugging head, plugging efficiency is improved, the semidiameter of the cam handle rotating downward is small, the plugging head can be used in narrow space, and the plugging head has the characteristics of simple structure, easy and rapid operation and wide application range.

The invention discloses a fluoroboric acid blocking remover and an acidification de-blocking method. The blocking remover is composed of prepad acid, subject acid and afterpad acid. The prepad acid and the afterpad acid are prepared from the same constituents which include, by mass, 10% of hydrochloric acid, 0.8-1.5% of clay stabilizer, 0.2-1.0% of ferrous stabilizer, 0.25-1.0% of corrosion inhibitor, 0.4-1.0% of water block removal agent, 0.2-1.0% of mutual solvent and the balance water. The subject acid is prepared from, by mass, 6% of acetic acid, 2% of fluoroboric acid, 0.8-1.5% of clay stabilizer, 0.2-1.0% of ferrous stabilizer, 0.25-1.0% of corrosion inhibitor, 0.4-1.0% of water block removal agent, 0.2-1.0% of mutual solvent and the balance water. By the adoption of the fluoroboric acid blocking remover, de-blocking of a low-yield unconventional tight sandstone oil and gas reservoir caused by water blocking reaction, inorganic scale and inflow fluid emulsification can be achieved effectively.

The invention discloses an observation method for a mine rock body drill hole plugging and gas extracting integrated system. According to the observation method for the mine rock body drill hole plugging and gas extracting integrated system, the problems that in the prior art, the sealing effect of a mine rock body drill hole is poor, the extraction cost is high, and gas is difficult to collect are solved, and the effects that the stability of the plugging process and the gas extracting process is improved, and the sealing performance is enhanced are achieved. According to the technical schemeof the observation method, the observation method comprises the following steps that the gas extracting drill hole is drilled; a test probe is mounted and connected with a drill rod, and the test probe is pushed in a squeezed mode to a designated extracting area through a drill rig; the drill hole is sealed; a pressure-tight test is conducted; gas parameters are measured; and a measuring system is connected, a third switch is turned on, gas enters a collection tube and enters the measuring system through a communicating pipe, and after a gas pressure gauge is stable, the showing number on thegas pressure gauge is read and compared with a reading of an electronic pressure gauge.

The present disclosure describes systems and methods for beam wavelength stabilization and output beam combining in dense wavelength multiplexing (DWM) systems. Systems and methods are described for performing beam wavelength stabilization and output beam combining in DWM systems while achieving increased wall-plug efficiency and enhanced beam quality. Interferometric external resonator configurations can be used to greatly increase the brightness of DWM system output beams by stabilizing the wavelengths of the beams emitted by the emitters of the DWM laser source. The resonant cavities described by the present disclosure provide advantages over the prior art in the form of decreased cost, increased wall plug efficiency and increased output beam quality. Particular implementations of the disclosure achieve increased wall plug efficiency and increased output beam quality through a combination of innovative cavity designs and the utilization of reflection diffraction elements for beam combining.

The present invention provides nitride semiconductors having a moderate density of basal plane stacking faults and a reduced density of threading dislocations, various products based on, incorporating or comprising the nitride semiconductors, including without limitation substrates, template films, templates, heterostructures with or without integrated substrates, and devices, and methods for fabrication of templates and substrates comprising the nitride semiconductors.

A method of adjusting a power density in a laser device including a VCSEL array providing an increased power density at a high wall-plug efficiency in that the lateral design parameters are appropriately selected on the basis of a relationship that has been established for a specified vertical design, a corresponding process technology and specified operating conditions. Thus, the total output power, the power density, and the efficiency may be optimized independently from other design criteria and application requirements by tuning only the lateral size of the individual VCSEL elements and the pitch of nearest neighbors of the elements within the array. Hence, for a lateral size of less than 30 μm and a pitch of less than 80 μm, a highly efficient VCSEL array can be provided with a high power density, thereby optimizing manufacturing costs for the output power per chip area.

The invention relates to a neutral blocking remover composition for oilfield oil extraction, which is prepared from the following components in parts by weight: 30-35 parts of acrylic acid-methyl acrylate copolymer, 44-50 parts of diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid, 30-35 parts of sodium polyepoxysuccinate, 30-35 parts of amine malate, 10-14 parts of sodium alkyl sulfonate, 5-8 parts of amine hydroxy ethylidene diphosphate, 10-14 parts of hydrolyzed polyacrylamide, 12-17 parts of atlapulgite, 20-25 parts of sodium persulfate, 7-10 parts of sodium lignosulfonate, 5-8 parts of tannin, 12-16 parts of sodium malate, 5-8 parts of sodium sulfosuccinate, 5-8 parts of starch, 9-12 parts of methyl lactate, 0.2-0.3 part of vanadium pentoxide and 0.1-0.3 part of diisobutyl carbinol. The neutral blocking remover composition for oilfield oil extraction has the advantages of high blocking removal speed, no corrosivity due to neutrality and no dead area, can quickly dissolve the material scales, clean the oilfield stratum and remove blocking, and does not generate the phenomenon of precipitation or secondary blocking; and the cleaning waste liquid does not need to be subjected to sewage treatment after returning to the ground.

The invention relates to a multistage plug classification plugging method suitable for a fissured stratum. The multistage plug classification plugging method includes the steps that first, the averageopening of fissures in the periphery of a well is determined to be D, bridging particles with the particle size being slightly smaller than D are used in first-stage plugging, the average particle size of the bridging particles is denoted as D<1>, the average particle size D<2> of plugging particles used in second-stage plugging is larger than D<1> / 4, and smaller than D<1>, and the particle sizeof each of the following stages of the plugging particles is successively determined through the same method until the average particle size D<n> of the last stage of the plugging particles is small enough to form a dense sealing layer; second, plugging grout only containing the bridging particles with the average particle size being D<1> is first injected through slugs to form a bridging particlelayer; third, plugging grout containing the plugging particles with the average particle size being D<2>-D<n-1> is injected in several times through a plurality of slugs to form a particle filling layer; and fourth, plugging grout with the average particle size of the plugging particles being D<n> is finally injected through the slugs to form the dense sealing layer. According to the multistage plug classification plugging method suitable for the fissured stratum, the principle is reliable, the fissures in the periphery of the well are more effectively sealed, the cost is saved, and the broadapplication prospects are achieved.

The invention relates to a neutral blockage removing agent composition used for an oil recovery formation in an oilfield. The neutral blockage removing agent composition is prepared from the following raw materials in parts by weight: 10-14 parts of polyepoxysuccinic acid amine, 35-40 parts of diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid amine, 33-37 parts of hydroxyl succinic acid amine, 20-25 parts of polyacrylamide, 7-10 parts of sodium polyaspartate, 10-14 parts of sodium gluconate, 10-15 parts of activated clay, 20-25 parts of potassium peroxodisulfate, 9-11 parts of hydroxyl butanedioic acid amine, 4-7 parts of sodium salicylate, 5-9 parts of hexamethylene tetramine, 0.2-0.3 part of vanadium pentoxide, 2-5 parts of starch, 5-8 parts of alpha-sulphonated fatty acid methyl ester and derivative thereof (MES) and 0.1-0.3 part ofdiethyl ethanolamine. The neutral blockage removing agent composition is used for the blockage removal of an oil pumping well and a screw pump well in the oilfield, can effectively solve the problems of cleaning blockage removal of the oil pumping well and the screw pump well in the oilfield and the corrosion of oil recovery equipment, has high blockage removing speed, is neutral and is free of corrosion; waste liquid for blockage removal can be degraded and does not need to be discharged onto the ground to be subjected to sewage treatment, no corrosion, dead angle, precipitation or secondary well blockage are generated, and more safety and more reliability are realized as compared with traditional pickling blockage removing, biological blockage removing and solvent blockage removing.

The invention provides a spherical dual-seal plugging device. The device comprises a main support cylinder 1, a small rotary shaft 2, a rotary hydraulic cylinder 3, a washer 4, an anchoring sleeve 5, a rotary mandrel 6, a plugging device casing 7, a rear sealing rubber sleeve 8, an isolation ring 9, a front sealing rubber sleeve 10, a plugging device ball cover 14, an inner hexagon screw 15 and a driving hydraulic cylinder 16. The driving hydraulic cylinder 16, the plugging device ball cover 14, the plugging device casing 7, the front sealing rubber sleeve 10, the rear sealing rubber sleeve 8 and the isolation ring 9 form a plugging mechanism. The rotary hydraulic cylinder 3, the small rotary shaft 2, a rotary shaft 71 and the rotary mandrel 6 form a rotary mechanism of the spherical dual-seal plugging device. The anchoring sleeve 5, the washer 4 and a rotary hydraulic cylinder piston rod 31 form an anchoring mechanism of the spherical dual-seal plugging device. According to the plugging device, sections to be plugged of pipelines can be plugged under a non-stop conveying technology of pipelines.

The invention provides an oil-soluble asphaltene dispersing blockage remover. In terms of the total weight of the dispersing blockage remover, the dispersing blockage remover is prepared from the following raw materials: 10-20% of aromatic hydrocarbon, 35-45% of acetone, 15-20% of organic acid salt, 5-18% of acyclic mixed ester, 5-20% of ionic surfactant and 5-15% of oil-soluble penetrant. Compared with the existing asphaltene dispersing blockage remover, the dispersing blockage remover has an open cup flash point above 65 DEG C, and is good in safety performance, and has the advantages of simple preparation process, low price, high asphaltene deposit blockage removing efficiency, low dosage, no organic chloride and the like. The oil-soluble asphaltene dispersing blockage remover is capable of the blockage problems of colloids, colloid and partial wax and thus applicable to removing the blockage in an oil-well exploitation process, and also has excellent blockage prevention effect.

The invention discloses a hole plugging device of a base material and application thereof and belongs to the technical field of hole plugging devices of the base material. The hole plugging device is characterized by comprising a supporting platform for placing the base material with holes to be plugged, a material complementing mechanism of materials for plugging holes and a remaining material recovery mechanism. A vertical moving unit is arranged above the supporting platform, the vertical moving unit is connected with a horizontal driving device, a hole plugging head is arranged at a free end of the vertical moving unit, and the hole plugging head has a sharp edge and acts on the material surface directly to achieve hole plugging in the horizontal direction. The hole plugging device is compact in structure, good in hole plugging effect and intermittent and is used for plugging holes of the materials with the holes and pits smaller than 10 mums in the width.

Light emitting devices are provided comprising an active region interposed between n-type and p-type sides of the device and a hole blocking layer interposed between the active region and the n-type side of the device. The active region comprises an active MQW structure and is configured for electrically-pumped stimulated emission of photons in the green portion of the optical spectrum. The n-type side of the light emitting device comprises an n-doped semiconductor region. The p-type side of the light emitting device comprises a p-doped semiconductor region. The n-doped semiconductor region comprises an n-doped non-polar or n-doped semi-polar substrate. Hole blocking layers according to the present disclosure comprise an n-doped semiconductor material and are interposed between the non-polar or semi-polar substrate and the active region of the light emitting device. The hole blocking layer (HBL) composition is characterized by a wider bandgap than that of the quantum well barrier layers of the active region.

The invention discloses an integrated treatment method of a hidden water guiding channel in a vertical well wellbore frozen hole. The method comprises the steps of carrying out the evaluation work of frozen hole closure quality, analyzing the scope and risk degree of a frozen hole 'annular space' hidden disaster channel; researching systematically lithological assemblage characteristics in the 'annular space' hidden water guiding channel sections, and determining the grouting governance interval; exploring the 'annular space' of the frozen hole and precisely positioning the grouting governance area; designing an engineering scheme and dynamically optimizing the engineering scheme; designing and constructing a grouting construction platform; dynamically optimizing the hidden water guiding channel integrated treatment scheme and controlling the construction in the whole process; comprehensively evaluating the grouting effect and implementing the local replenishment of the grouting and the like. After the implementation of the method, through the 'annular space' in the mine wellbore frozen hole being blocked off effectively, therefore the problems that groundwater in different aquifers takes the 'annular space' as the channel to make the hydraulic connections, thus the water inflow volume in the working surface is increased; and the safety potential of coal resource exploitation and drainage cost are increased are solved.

An optical device includes a gallium and nitrogen containing substrate comprising a surface region configured in a (20-2-1) orientation, a (30-3-1) orientation, or a (30-31) orientation, within + / −10 degrees toward c-plane and / or a-plane from the orientation. Optical devices having quantum well regions overly the surface region are also disclosed.

The invention discloses a pipeline interior rapid self-locking blockage device and belongs to the technical field of pipeline blockage. The pipeline interior rapid self-locking blockage device is reliable in blockage and can achieve flow guiding. According to the adopted technical scheme, a blockage unit is an inflatable blockage device and is provided with an axial through hole; a traction unit is of a structure with an electric control valve mounted on a hollow pipe, and an outer thread is formed on the hollow pipe; a tensioning unit comprises the structure that axial through holes are formed in a fixed seat and a movable seat correspondingly, the fixed seat and the movable seat are connected through a spring, one ends of first supporting rods are hinged to the fixed seat, antiskid blocks are hinged to the other ends of the first supporting rods, one ends of second supporting rods are hinged to the movable seat, and the other ends of the second supporting rods are hinged to the middles of the first supporting rods; and the hollow pipe penetrates through the tensioning unit and then is fixed to the blockage unit together, a first gear and a sleeve are mounted on the hollow pipe ina sleeving mode, and a second gear is fixed to an output shaft of a motor and engaged with the first gear. The pipeline interior rapid self-locking blockage device is used for pipeline blockage.

The invention discloses a device for removing dust blocking in a filter of a dust collector; the device comprises a shell (1), a link spool (2) and a pneumatic vibrator wheel (3); an exhaust passage, a blocking removal air passage, a positive pressure chamber, a negative pressure chamber, a normally closed valve port, a normally opened valve port, and a normally closed side valve port are arranged in the shell; the link spool is provided with a normally closed spool, a normally opened spool, a normally closed side spool, a spring, a button and a link; the pneumatic vibrator wheel is provided with an eccentric block and a wind wheel cover; in blocking removal, the normally closed spool is separated from the normally closed valve port, the normally opened spool blocks the normally opened valve port, and the normally closed side spool is separated from the normally closed side valve port; atmospheric air passes through the blocking removal air passage, the pneumatic vibrator wheel, the normally closed valve port, the negative pressure chamber and the fan and enters the positive pressure chamber to form a positive pressure flow, part of the positive pressure flow passes through the exhaust passage and enters atmosphere, the rest of the positive pressure flow passes through the filter and enters the atmosphere through a dust collection barrel; the device employs double blocking removal, namely vibration and blowing, and dust blocking in the filter of the dust collector can be removed efficiently, conveniently and quickly.

An optical device includes a gallium nitride substrate member having an m-plane nonpolar crystalline surface region characterized by an orientation of about −1 degree towards (000-1) and less than about + / −0.3 degrees towards (11-20). The device also has a laser stripe region formed overlying a portion of the m-plane nonpolar crystalline orientation surface region. In a preferred embodiment, the laser stripe region is characterized by a cavity orientation that is substantially parallel to the c-direction, the laser stripe region having a first end and a second end. The device includes a first cleaved c-face facet, which is coated, provided on the first end of the laser stripe region. The device also has a second cleaved c-face facet, which is exposed, provided on the second end of the laser stripe region.

Particular embodiments of the present invention relate generally to semiconductor lasers and laser scanning systems and, more particularly, to schemes for controlling semiconductor lasers. According to one embodiment of the present invention, a laser is configured for optical emission of encoded data. At least one parameter of the optical emission is a function of a drive current IGAIN injected into the gain section of the semiconductor laser and one or more additional drive currents I / VPHASE, I / VDBR. Mode selection in the semiconductor laser is altered by applying a phase shifting signal I / VΦ to the phase section that is synched with a wavelength recovery portions in drive current IGAIN such that a plurality of cavity modes are shifted by one half of the free spectral range at each wavelength recovery portion. In this manner, patterned variations in the wavelength or intensity profile of the laser can be disrupted to disguise patterned flaws that would otherwise be readily noticeable in the output of the laser.

The invention relates to a glass bottle opening inner plug capping machine. The glass bottle opening inner plug capping machine comprises a stand, a cap sorter, a plug feeding groove, a guide plug falling mechanism, a bottle inspection photoelectric sensor, a bottle shifting guide mechanism, an operation touch screen, a plug pressing mechanism and a bottle conveying belt, wherein the plug feeding groove is arranged between the cap sorter and the guide plug blanking mechanism; the guide plug falling mechanism is arranged above the bottle shifting guide mechanism; the bottle inspection photoelectric sensor is mounted at the bottle inlet end of the bottle shifting guide mechanism; the plug pressing mechanism is arranged on both sides of the bottle conveying belt and positioned behind the bottle shifting guide mechanism; and the cap sorter, the guide plug falling mechanism, the bottle inspection photoelectric sensor, the bottle shifting guide mechanism, the operation touch screen, the plug pressing mechanism and the bottle conveying belt are arranged on the stand. The glass bottle opening inner plug capping machine is reasonable in structural design. Plugs can be sorted, conveyed, fallen and pressed automatically, the plugging efficiency is high, plug pressing is stable, the phenomenon that a bottle opening is crushed is avoided, the whole plugging process does not need manpower, and the plugging quality is stable without influence by human factor.

The invention provides a cationic chemical plugging agent including 0.1-5 wt% of a cationic polymer, 1-15 wt% of a filler, 0.1-5 wt% of a crosslinking agent and 1-5 wt% of a rheological modifier, and the weight ratios are based on the total weight of the cationic chemical plugging agent. The cationic polymer is preferably a cationic polyacrylamide, the filler, the crosslinking agent and the rheological modifier are respectively preferably calcium carbonate, hexamethylenetetramine and bentonite. The cationic chemical plugging agent used in oil well leaking stoppage construction is mixed with an anionic drilling fluid in a well section with occurrence of well leakage, and then neutralization reaction and cross-linking reaction are performed, the mixed liquor viscosity increases rapidly, and a space network structure is formed, so that a leakage passage is blocked, the plugging effect is played, and the cationic chemical plugging agent ahs the characteristics of short time plugging consuming and high plugging efficiency.

The invention provides a plugging device which is used for plugging a through hole in a circuit substrate. The circuit substrate has an upper surface and a lower surface which are opposite, and the through hole penetrates through the upper surface and the lower surface. The plugging device comprises a conveying device, a coating device, a gas sucking and ink guiding device and an ink removing device, wherein the conveying device is used for conveying the circuit substrate to enable the circuit substrate to sequentially pass through the coating device, the gas sucking and ink guiding device and the ink removing device; the coating device is positioned above the conveying device and is used for coating a plugging material on the upper surface of the circuit substrate conveyed by the conveying device; the gas sucking and ink guiding device is positioned below the circuit substrate conveyed by the conveying device, is in contact with the lower surface of the circuit substrate, and is used for enabling the plugging material on the upper surface of the circuit substrate to enter the through hole by gas suction; and the ink removing device is positioned near the circuit substrate conveyed by the conveying device, and is used for removing the plugging material on the upper surface of the circuit substrate after plugging. The invention also relates to a method for plugging the circuit substrate by adopting the plugging device.

The invention relates to a fracturing inclusion self-dissolving diversion agent and a preparation method thereof. The diversion agent is prepared by using 10-15 parts of guanidine collagen powder, 30-40 parts of ferric trichloride, 30-40 parts of alumina, 1-2 parts of sodium bicarbonate, 8-10 parts of ammonium persulfate, 1-2 parts of potassium ferricyanide and 1 part of gamma-aminopropyltriethoxysilane, has an inclusion form and is spherically granular in shape. The preparation method of the diversion agent comprises the following steps: sequentially dissolving the guanidine collagen powder, the ferric trichloride, the alumina, the sodium bicarbonate, the ammonium persulfate and the potassium ferricyanide in water according to above formula proportions at room temperature, stirring for 5min, carrying out drying caking of the above obtained solution, crushing, milling, spraying the surface of ammonium persulfate with the gamma-aminopropyltriethoxysilane coupling agent, wrapping the external layer of ammonium persulfate crystals by the above prepared powder to form spherical particles, and drying the particles to prepare the diversion agent. The diversion agent has a gel breaker inclusion form, has a self-dissolving capability, and does not need a gel breaking degradation agent in the construction.

A method of adjusting a power density in a laser device including a VCSEL array providing an increased power density at a high wall-plug efficiency in that the lateral design parameters are appropriately selected on the basis of a relationship that has been established for a specified vertical design, a corresponding process technology and specified operating conditions. Thus, the total output power, the power density, and the efficiency may be optimized independently from other design criteria and application requirements by tuning only the lateral size of the individual VCSEL elements and the pitch of nearest neighbors of the elements within the array. Hence, for a lateral size of less than 30 μm and a pitch of less than 80 μm, a highly efficient VCSEL array can be provided with a high power density, thereby optimizing manufacturing costs for the output power per chip area.