The invention discloses a system for purifying a sewage lake through plant activity. The system comprises an emergent aquatic plant area, a submerged plant area, a floating device, a bottom mud treatment device and a purifying layer arranged at the bottom of the lake, wherein the purifying layer comprises a deamination padding layer, an auxiliary dephosphorization padding layer and a denitrification padding layer, the bottom mud treatment device is located under the floating device and connected with the floating device through a stainless rope, and the bottom mud treatment device makes contact with mud at the bottom of the lake; the floating device floats on the water surface, a plurality of through holes are formed in the surface of the floating device, and aquatic plants are planted inthe through holes. According to the system, namely a system for purifying water through plant absorption and microorganism biological film conversion effects, synchronous removal of ammonia nitrogen,total nitrogen and total phosphorus can be achieved, the bottom mud treatment device facilitates clearing of bottom mud and purifying of overlying water, the amount of pollutants released by bottom mud is reduced, and meanwhile, hollow ball filter materials on the upper layer can also remove floating suspended materials generated by bottom mud disturbed by aeration.