The invention discloses an inorganic solid electrolyte-cellulose composite diaphragm and a preparation method thereof. The preparation method comprises the steps of S10, adding cellulose raw materialsinto deionized water to be immersed, and then performing grinding in a pulping machine to obtain a cellulose pulp solution with a micro-fiber structure; S20, adding an inorganic solid electrolyte into deionized water to prepare into a suspension liquid, then adding a wet strength agent and the cellulose pulp solution to be mixed uniformly; S30, performing papermaking and film forming on the cellulose pulp solution comprising the solid electrolyte by a papermaking process, namely, obtaining a wet cellulose electrolyte composite diaphragm; and S40, performing drying on the wet composite diaphragm in a drying oven to obtain the needed cellulose-solid electrolyte composite diaphragm. The prepared composite diaphragm is uniform in hole structural distribution, convenient to prepare, suitable for batch production, and high in heat resistance, high in wettability, high in ionic conductivity, high in breakdown resistance, and suitable for a lithium ion battery diaphragm; and meanwhile, the diaphragm is compounded with the inorganic solid electrolyte, so that an effect of the electrolyte can be played, and extra addition of an electrolyte solution is not needed.