The present invention relates to a pharmaceutical or food composition containing licochalcone A as an active ingredient for preventing, improving, or treating AMPK-related diseases, specifically, disorders involving lipid metabolism, hyperlipidemia, metabolic syndrome, obesity, fatty liver, or degenerative diseases (in particular, dementia). The pharmaceutical or food composition according to the present invention may significantly reduce adipocyte differentiation, adipocyte fat accumulation, and lipogenesis in hepatocytes, and may exhibit the effects of activating AMPK in hepatocytes. Accordingly, the pharmaceutical or food composition of the present invention can be effectively used for AMPK-related diseases, specifically, disorders involving lipid metabolism, hyperlipidemia, metabolic syndrome, obesity, fatty liver, or degenerative diseases (in particular, dementia).