The invention discloses a composite carbon material, a modified electrode material prepared from the composite carbon material and a lithium ion battery. The composite carbon material contains a firstcarbon material, a second carbon material and a carbon source, wherein the first carbon material and the second carbon material are doped carbon materials. Compared with a conventional manner for firstly coating by virtue of a carbon source for carbonization to obtain a carbon material coating layer, the composite carbon material has the advantages that by introducing a proper amount of the firstcarbon materials and a proper amount of the second carbon materials, on one hand, the use amount of a common carbon source is reduced, and on the other hand, the electrochemical properties of structure stability, electrical conductivity, tap density, volume energy density, rate capability, cycle performance and the like of an electrode material modified by the composite carbon material can be cooperatively improved. By coating and modifying lithium iron phosphate by virtue of the composite carbon material, the rate capability and cycling stability of lithium iron phosphate can be substantially improved, the specific discharge capacity of lithium iron phosphate is more than or equal to 149mAh/g under a 6C rate condition, and the capacity retention ratio is more than or equal to 97% after 60 cycles.