The invention provides an artificial wetland system for treating rural domestic sewage. The system comprises a microbial fuel cell wetland module, which sequentially comprises an impermeable bottom layer, a sewage distribution layer, an anode layer, an insulating filler layer, a gas distribution layer, a cathode layer and a planting matrix layer from bottom to top, wherein the anode layer comprises an upper layer, a sandwich layer and a lower layer, the upper layer and the lower layer are plate-shaped anode materials with meshes, the upper layer is electrically connected with the lower layer,the sandwich layer is an active microorganism layer, and is filled between the upper layer and the lower layer, the cathode layer comprises a plate-shaped material with meshes, gas distributed in thegas distribution layer contains oxygen, and the anode layer and the cathode layer are connected with an external circuit through conduction wires to form a closed circuit. The artificial wetland system for treating rural domestic sewage has the advantages of high removal rate of organic matters, nitrogen and phosphorus in domestic sewage, high conversion rate of electric energy and low construction cost.