The invention relates to a preparation method of a silver-silicon antibacterial composite material. A device involved in the method is composed of a vacuum feeding machine, a vacuum feeding machine discharging port, a powder conveying pipeline, a transition bin feeding port, a transition bin, a transition bin discharging port, a helical ribbon mixer, a longitudinal solution conveying pipeline, a solution nozzle, a transverse solution conveying pipeline, a solution conveying bent pipe, a liquid storage tank, a light source, a mixer discharging port, a stock bin, a mixer support and moving wheels. Crystalline elemental silicon and silver nitrate are used as raw materials by adopting a dry method or a semi-dry method, the silver nitrate is sprayed on a silicon carrier to obtain semi-dry powder, the semi-dry powder is irradiated by ultraviolet light or sunlight, semiconductor silicon generates electrons and holes under an illumination condition, and the silver nitrate is reduced into the elemental silver after obtaining the electrons, so that the silver-silicon antibacterial composite material is formed. The method has the advantages of simple preparation process, low process energy consumption, no need of adding an additional reducing agent, and no silver ion precipitation. The removal rate of the composite material on escherichia coli, staphylococcus aureus, the total number of bacterial colonies and the like is up to 99%, and the composite material is suitable for large-scale industrial production.