The invention belongs to the technical field of iron-based amorphous nanocrystalline alloys, and particularly discloses an iron-silicon-boron amorphous nanocrystalline composite microsphere material and a preparation method thereof. The selected alloy component is FexSicyBz, wherein x, y and z are atomic percentages of corresponding components, the x is equal to 75-78, the y is equal to 9-12, andthe z is equal to 100-x-y. The drop tube without container rapid solidification preparation method is adopted and comprises the following steps of weighing and preparation, master alloy smelting, sample installing, vacuumizing, heating and blowing, particle collecting, particle screening and the like, and an alloy microsphere with the grain diameter d being less than or equal to 120 microns are screened and collected. The method has the advantages that raw materials are easy to obtain, the amorphous preparation process flow is simple, the amorphous critical dimension is large, the prepared amorphous nanocrystalline composite microsphere material has the advantages of high strength, high hardness, wear resistance, corrosion resistance and the like, and the material can be applied to the fields of amorphous coatings, sensing elements, precision instruments, precision processing technologies and the like.