The invention discloses an aluminum base gelling and curing agent, which comprises calcium aluminate, sulfur aluminum cement and an early-strengthening coagulant aid, wherein the mass ratio of the above three parts is : (1-3) : (6.5-8.5) : 0.5. The invention also discloses a preparation method of the above aluminum base gelling and curing agent. According to the method, the calcium aluminate, the sulfur aluminum cement and the early-strengthening coagulant aid, in the mass ratio of the above three parts is : (1-3) : (6.5-8.5) : 0.5, are ground, sieved, mixed and stacked up in a cone shape. After that, samples are pressed flat, and peripheral samples are stacked up centrad again in a cone shape and then pressed flat. So repeatedly for several times, and then the aluminum base gelling and curing agent can be obtained. The invention also discloses a method for treating the dredged sediment by means of the above aluminum base gelling and curing agent. Waste and gravels in the mud of the dredged sediment are separated, and then the cationic-type polyacrylamide is added to thicken and dehydrate the dredged sewage. After that, the aluminum base gelling and curing agent is added and mixed with the dredged sewage, and the mixture is stirred. Meanwhile, a water reducer is added and mixed uniformly with the above mixture. After the dehydration and solidification process, the obtained product is subjected to stabilization maintenance. The aluminum base gelling and curing agent is higher in economic, social and environmental benefits.