130 results about "Ion formation" patented technology

The invention discloses an electrolyte for a lithium manganate lithium ion battery and a preparation method thereof, and the electrolyte comprises the following components in percentage by mass: 70-90% of an organic solvent, 5-20% of a lithium salt and 0.5-10% of an additive, the organic solvent is formed by mixing cyclic carbonate and chain carbonate according to the mass ratio of (10-30): (70-90); the lithium salt adopts one or more of lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF), lithium tetrafluoroborate (LiBF) and lithium bis (trifluoromethane sulfonimide) (LiTFSI), and the concentration of the lithium salt is 0.8 to 1.5 mol / L; the additives comprise a manganese ion complexing agent, a film forming accelerant and an antioxidant. In the invention, the manganese ion inhibition effect is as follows: the complexing agent and Mn (II) ions form a stable complex, so that the concentration of free Mn (II) in the electrolyte is reduced by more than 80%, migration and deposition of the free Mn (II) to the negative electrode are inhibited, and the dissolution amount of the Mn element of the positive electrode is reduced by 65% after 500 times of circulation at 45 DEG C.

The invention discloses a Fe-Beta molecular sieve for N2O catalytic decomposition and a preparation method of the Fe-Beta molecular sieve. According to the method, chitosan and metal Fe < 3 + > ions are complexed to form a chitosan Fe < 3 + > complex, and then the complex, a silicon source, an aluminum source and a template agent are used as raw materials to prepare the Fe-Beta molecular sieve in one step through a hydrothermal method. Hydroxyl, amino and other groups rich in a chitosan molecular chain can effectively complex metal Fe < 3 + > ions to form a stable chitosan Fe < 3 + > complex, and the stable chitosan Fe < 3 + > complex is used as a Fe source to realize uniform dispersion of Fe species in the molecular sieve and effectively reduce formation of FexOy clusters and Fe2O3 nanoparticles, so that the N2O decomposition catalytic performance of the Fe-Beta molecular sieve is improved. Inorganic alkali metal ions are not introduced, so that a large amount of ammonia-nitrogen wastewater generated in a subsequent tedious ammonium exchange process can be avoided, the synthesis period is effectively shortened, and energy consumption, material consumption and environmental pollution are reduced.

The invention discloses a tooth repair composition containing mesoporous hydroxyapatite, a tooth repair product and a preparation method and application of the tooth repair composition and the tooth repair product. The tooth repair composition comprises nano-hydroxyapatite, fluoride and a chelating agent, the logarithm value logK of the stability constant K of the chelating agent to calcium ions is 1 < = logK < = 5, and K is measured in an aqueous solution with the temperature of 25 DEG C, the pH value of 7.0 and the ionic strength of 0.1 M; the nano-hydroxyapatite is prepared from nano-scale mesoporous hydroxyapatite, and the nano-hydroxyapatite contains nano-scale mesoporous hydroxyapatite. By adding the specific chelating agent, dynamic balance is formed in the tooth repairing composition, slow release protection can be formed on free calcium ions, the double inactivation effect possibly occurring when hydroxyapatite and fluoride exist at the same time is effectively avoided, the synergistic repairing effect of hydroxyapatite and fluoride is fully exerted, and the tooth repairing effect is improved. The use of fluorides can be greatly reduced, and safety and reliability are achieved.

The invention relates to the technical field of battery materials, in particular to a sodium-ion battery positive electrode material with a high-entropy superlattice structure and a preparation method of the sodium-ion battery positive electrode material, and the general formula of the sodium-ion battery positive electrode material is Na < 0.67 > MnaNibFecLidCueTifO2, a < lt >; 0.6, 0.1 lt; blt; 0.3, 0.01 lt, 0.01 lt, 0.01 lt; clt; ct; 0, 0.2, 0.03 lt; dlt; 0, 0.2, 0.03 lt; lt, lt; 0.2, 0.01 lt, 0.01 lt, 0.01 lt; flt; 0.2, a + b + c + d + e + f = 1; according to the invention, a plurality of ions with similar sizes are introduced into the sodium ion layered oxide transition metal layer, so that a short-range disordered honeycomb-shaped high-entropy superlattice structure is formed; by means of the hysteresis diffusion effect of the high-entropy material, the oxidation-reduction reaction of oxygen anions activated by lithium is effectively regulated and controlled, and the phenomena of voltage decline and structure degradation caused by the migration process of manganese ions in the transition metal layer are inhibited.

The invention provides an argon gas cluster ion polishing machine and a diamond crystal workpiece polishing method. The polishing machine comprises a pulse control valve used for generating pulse type airflow beams, and a nozzle device, a beam splitter, an ionizer, an absorption electrode, an accelerator and a permanent magnet which are sequentially arranged in the spraying direction of the pulse type airflow beams. The nozzle device is used for spraying pulse type airflow beams; wherein the pulse type airflow beam comprises divergent argon atom airflow and neutral cluster particle flow concentrated on a central shaft; the beam splitter is used for screening and separating neutral cluster particles and argon atoms in the pulse type airflow beam; the ionizer is used for ionizing the neutral cluster particles into cluster ions; the suction electrode is used for guiding the ionized ionomer clusters to form an initially converged conical airflow beam; the accelerator is used for focusing and accelerating the conical airflow beam; the permanent magnet is used for separating ions with different masses to form a pure cluster ion beam; and high-quality polishing of the surface of the diamond crystal workpiece can be achieved.

An ion angle detector includes a front plate that includes an aperture configured to form an ion beam from incident ions. An ion collector of the detector is configured to measure ion flux from the ion beam. A linear actuator is mechanically coupled to the ion collector and configured to move the ion collector in a direction parallel to the ion beam. Ion angular distribution of a plasma may be measured using the detector by moving the ion collector parallel to the ion beam, measuring ion flux while moving the ion collector to obtain the flux as a function of distance from the source location, and obtaining the angular distribution from the flux and the distance. The ion angle detector may be disposed in a chamber of a plasma system that has a controller operatively coupled to the detector and configured to measure ion angular distribution.

The embodiment of the invention provides a crystallization promoter, a preparation method thereof and a wastewater treatment device. The crystallization promoter is used for removing target ions in wastewater, and comprises a slide glass, the density of which is smaller than that of the wastewater; and the seed crystal is arranged on the surface of the slide glass and is used for promoting the target ions to form crystals. The crystallization promoter can reduce the energy consumption of a wastewater treatment device.

The invention relates to the technical field of chitosan, and discloses a preparation method and application of a functional water-absorbing chitosan material, an aldehyde triazine quaternary ammonium salt cross-linking agent and amino of chitosan are subjected to a cross-linking reaction, hydrophilic quaternary ammonium salt and sulfonic acid are grafted into the chitosan material, and the hydrophilicity of chitosan is remarkably improved. And the aldehyde triazine quaternary ammonium salt cross-linking agent contains three aldehyde groups, and forms a porous structure of a space cross-linked network with the chitosan, so that the water absorption rate is greatly increased. The chitosan material contains functional quaternary ammonium salt cation groups which can form electrostatic interaction with Cr2O7 < 2-> anions, meanwhile, nitrogen atoms in sulfonic acid groups, nitrogen-rich triazine and imidazole structures can generate coordination chelation with metal ions such as Cu < 2 + >, and the equilibrium adsorption capacity of the chitosan material to Cu < 2 + > is improved. The method has a wide application prospect in the field of metal-containing sewage treatment.

The application provides a seawater hydrogen production electrode, which comprises a substrate and a catalytic layer combined on the surface of the substrate, wherein the catalytic layer is obtained through metal corrosion and in-situ deposition reaction of the substrate in a solution containing chloride ions; the application also provides a preparation method and application of the electrode. The catalyst layer of the application forms in chloride ions, forms a reaction equilibrium with chloride ions in seawater, can stably exist in chloride ions, avoids the adverse effects of seawater chlor-oxidation, has high stability in seawater electrolysis hydrogen production, and can simultaneously catalyze hydrogen production and oxygen production reactions and has selectivity. The electrode provided by the application can be applied to an electrolytic hydrogen production system and can directly electrolyze seawater, avoids the limitation of electrolytic hydrogen production application caused by lack of fresh water resources, reduces electrolytic hydrogen production cost, and expands the application range of electrolytic hydrogen production.

The invention belongs to the technical field of lead ion detection, and particularly relates to a black phosphorus field-effect tube lead ion detector and a use method thereof. The detector comprises an insulating substrate, a gate electrode layer, a gate electrode insulating layer, a sensitive layer, a source electrode and a drain electrode. The gate electrode layer is arranged on the insulating substrate, and the sensitive layer is arranged on the gate electrode insulating layer; particularly, the sensitive layer comprises a black phosphorus material, and noble metal particles are arranged on the surface of the sensitive layer. According to the invention, black phosphorus is used as a sensitive material of the field effect transistor, the black phosphorus and lead ions have good chemical matching property, and a stable coordination effect is formed through surface phosphorus atoms and lead ions, so that the conductivity of a channel is obviously changed; in addition, precious metal particles are introduced to the surface of the black phosphorus sensitive layer, so that the selective adsorption capacity of lead ions is enhanced. In a word, high-selectivity and high-sensitivity electrical detection of lead ions can be realized, and a high-performance field-effect tube sensor platform is provided for rapid monitoring of heavy metal pollutants.

To provide a dental medical member exhibiting superior adhesive strength, and a method for producing the dental medical member.SOLUTION: A dental medical member comprises a zirconia (Zr) material as a substrate, where the substrate includes an ion implantation region with implanted silicon (Si) or phosphorus (P) ions, and where the ion implantation level within 20 nm from the surface is 2×1012 ions / cm2 or more. A method for producing a dental medical member includes a step of implanting silicon (Si) or phosphorus (P) ions into a substrate composed of a zirconia (Zr) material to form an ion implantation region, where the ion implantation level within 20 nm from the surface is 2×1012 ions / cm2 or more.SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 6

The invention provides a perovskite solar cell and a preparation method thereof, and belongs to the technical field of solar cells. Comprising conductive glass, a SnO2 layer, a bottom-buried interface modification layer, a perovskite layer, an interface passivation layer, a hole transport layer and a metal electrode layer which are sequentially stacked, and the bottom-buried interface modification layer comprises fluorine-containing sylvite sulfonate. According to the invention, a bottom-buried interface is modified by using fluorine-containing potassium sulfonate, and through the effects that F atoms and = N-H in formamidine ions (FA < + >) in a perovskite layer form = N-H...... F hydrogen bonds, sulfonate radicals and uncoordinated Pb < 2 + > in the perovskite layer interact, SnO2 is passivated, and K ions and I ions form ionic bonds, the defects of the SnO2 surface and the perovskite bottom interface are synergistically passivated; according to the invention, non-radiative recombination at the interface is reduced, the transmission performance of the interface is improved, the crystallization process of the upper layer perovskite is improved, and the obtained perovskite device has higher photoelectric conversion efficiency and good stability.

The invention belongs to the technical field of MEMS probes, and particularly relates to an MEMS probe manufacturing method for improving electrical performance by ion implantation, which comprises the following steps: firstly, manufacturing a silver target copper alloy probe base material, and implanting rhodium ions into the tip part of a probe to form a required doping layer; the rhodium metal is injected into the silver target copper alloy base material, so that the electrical performance of the probe is remarkably improved, and the probe is outstanding in application scenes with high requirements; the injected rhodium metal obviously enhances the wear resistance of the probe tip and prolongs the service life of the probe; the rhodium metal has excellent oxidation resistance, so that the probe can still keep good performance in high-temperature and severe environments.

The invention discloses an acid-resistant and temperature-resistant organic corrosion inhibitor and a preparation method and application thereof in the field of metal corrosion inhibition, and the acid-resistant and temperature-resistant organic corrosion inhibitor comprises the following raw materials: phytic acid, 2, 5-dimercapto-1, 3, 4-thiadiazole, propargyl alcohol, 5-carboxyl benzotriazole, hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide, butylated hydroxytoluene, alkaloid and ethylene glycol. Wherein the alkaloid is selected from rhynchophylline, and the rhynchophylline is subjected to heterocyclic ring modification treatment, so that a pyridine group is introduced to an indole ring of the rhynchophylline. The phytic acid is selected as a main corrosion inhibition component and forms a protective film by chelating metal ions, meanwhile, the 2, 5-dimercapto-1, 3, 4-thiadiazole, the propargyl alcohol, the 5-carboxybenzotriazole and the alkaloid are used as auxiliary corrosion inhibitors, multi-mechanism synergistic promotion is achieved, the corrosion inhibition effect is remarkably enhanced, meanwhile, the dispersity is improved through hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide, and the corrosion inhibition effect is improved. The dibutyl hydroxytoluene is used for improving the oxidation resistance, so that the corrosion inhibition effect of the whole corrosion inhibitor in high temperature and strong acid is very prominent.

The application discloses a kind of based on plasma atomization gas auxiliary electric spray ionization method, comprising the following steps: a) sample solution is introduced into electric spray needle;B) open plasma initiation device, make plasma initiation device discharge and generate plasma in plasma atomization gas gas path;C) atomization gas is introduced into plasma atomization gas gas path, and the atomization gas under the action of plasma forms plasma atomization gas;D) open high-voltage power supply, and sample solution is under the action of high-voltage electricity and plasma atomization gas and generates spray and forms sample ion, and the sample ion formed enters mass spectrometer by mass spectrometry inlet channel.This application can improve sensitivity, and under the premise that compound fragmentation dissociation does not occur, it is used for electric spray unfriendly solvent and difficult to detect low polarity compound detection, which can be compatible with normal phase liquid chromatography commonly used solvent, and can also reduce the influence of common complex matrix effect in electric spray ionization.

The invention belongs to the field of membrane separation and technology, and particularly relates to a preparation method of a two-dimensional ion separation membrane with a multilayer channel structure, which comprises the following steps: uniformly mixing and stirring different two-dimensional nanosheet dispersion liquids with an interface modification agent to prepare different two-dimensional nanosheet casting membrane liquids; uniformly blade-coating one of the two-dimensional nanosheet membrane casting solutions on a porous base membrane, and drying to form a single-layer two-dimensional channel membrane; sequentially and uniformly blade-coating the single-layer two-dimensional channel membrane with at least one two-dimensional nanosheet casting membrane solution different from the two-dimensional nanosheet casting membrane solution in the previous step, and drying to form a multi-layer two-dimensional channel membrane; and preparing an interfacial polymerization layer on the surface of the multi-layer two-dimensional channel membrane by adopting an interfacial polymerization method, and drying a product at constant temperature and constant humidity to prepare the two-dimensional ion separation membrane with the multi-layer channel structure. According to the preparation method disclosed by the invention, different ions can be effectively screened step by step by constructing a multi-layer two-dimensional nano channel-interfacial polymerization coupling structure, so that ultrahigh separation selectivity is shown.

The invention discloses a fluorescent material for rapidly detecting cesium ions in a water body, and a preparation method of the fluorescent material comprises the following steps: firstly, synthesizing a carbon quantum dot (NCD) with positive charges on the surface through a hydrothermal method, and then preparing an aqueous solution containing 0.1-100 mg.mL <-1 > of nitrogen-doped carbon quantum dots and 0.02-100 mg.mL <-1 > of heteropolyacid. The surface of the formed composite material presents negative charges, the original strong fluorescence effect is inhibited, and the composite material presents weak fluorescence, when a water body contains cesium ions capable of forming associates with heteropolyacid anions, the heteropolyacid anions are captured by the cesium ions, the strong fluorescence performance of the material is recovered, and it is indicated that the water body contains the cesium ions and is polluted. When the fluorescent material is used for detecting cesium ions, the sensitivity is high, the detection limit is low, rapidness is achieved, operation is easy, and the fluorescent material is especially suitable for monitoring seawater cesium ion pollution.

The application relates to the technical field of air ducts and discloses an air duct with negative ion ionization, which comprises a pipe body butting against an air outlet for discharging air into a room, the pipe body is provided with a pipe channel penetrating through the front and back of the pipe body, the two ends of the pipe body are provided with air inlet ports and air outlet ports, the middle part of the pipe channel is provided with an ionization section, and the pipe body is provided with an air ionizer; the air ionizer is provided with two ionization needles for high-voltage ionization of air; the ionization needles are respectively connected with ionization nets made of metal, the ionization nets are arranged along the cross-section direction of the pipe channel, the two ionization nets are arranged at intervals, and an ionization interval is formed. The air in the pipe channel is ionized through relative discharge of the two ionization needles, air negative ions are formed, the ionization area is increased through the ionization nets, and a large amount of air negative ions are formed in the ionization interval; the air blown out by the air outlet is effectively purified, and the air negative ions have the advantages of adsorbing dust, purifying air, improving heart and lung functions, promoting human metabolism, improving sleep quality and the like.

The present application relates to a kind of perovskite solar cells and its passivation method, the electron blocking layer is made of acyl chloride group derivative, on the one hand, the carbonyl group in acyl chloride group can be coordinated with the Pb 2+ Ion forms Lewis acid-base pair, thereby significantly reduce the defect state density of perovskite surface.Let go of group Cl ‑ Ion can increase the grain size of perovskite, improve the crystalline quality of perovskite layer.In addition, acyl chloride group and perovskite component reaction generates electron blocking layer cesium acetate, reduces the charge recombination at interface, while it can promote energy level gradient arrangement, effectively improve the separation and extraction capacity of carrier, successfully improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency and stability of carbon-based hole-free all-inorganic perovskite solar cell, and significantly reduce the hysteresis effect.The present application process is simple and has universality, is conducive to promoting the commercialization of perovskite, has wide market demand and application prospect.

The disclosure extends to multiple ion nanoparticles for delivery of agricultural products and ions. A composition includes a structural particle and a plurality of ions disposed around the structural particle. The plurality of ions forms a plurality of ion layers surrounding the structural particle. The plurality of ions comprises a plurality of a first ion having a positive charge and a plurality of a second ion having a negative charge.

The invention discloses a carbon nitride composite material as well as a preparation method and application thereof, and designs and prepares an activated carbon loaded modified carbon nitride nanosheet, K ions are doped between layers of the modified carbon nitride nanosheet to form local geometric distortion caused by KN bridging and K + intercalation, and the local geometric distortion and a P gap state generate synergy, so that the performance of the carbon nitride composite material is improved. The adsorption and activation capabilities of the material on O2 molecules are jointly optimized, so that the reaction from * OO to * OOH is obviously accelerated. The adsorption and enrichment effects of the activated carbon and the oxidative degradation and sterilization capabilities of the photocatalytic material can be fully utilized.

The present invention relates to novel compounds formed by the pairing of ion of fu- rafinitib, which have one or more improved properties compared to the prior art of furafinitib. The present invention also relates to a process for the preparation of said compounds, to pharmaceutical compositions thereof and to the use thereof for the preparation of a medicament for the treatment and / or prevention of diseases associated with abnormal angiogenesis in a patient, such as cancer, tumors, macular disorders and chronic inflammation.

A method for forming a semiconductor structure includes: providing a substrate, on which a pattern transfer material layer is formed; forming a mask layer on the pattern transfer material layer, wherein an opening is formed in the mask layer and extends through the mask layer; forming a sidewall layer on the sidewall of the opening; using the sidewall layer as a mask, performing a first ion implantation on the pattern transfer material layer at the bottom of the opening, implanting target ions into the pattern transfer material layer to form a pattern layer extending through the pattern transfer material layer, wherein the target ions are used to improve the etching selectivity between the material transfer layer and the pattern layer; after forming the pattern layer, removing the mask layer and the sidewall layer. By forming the sidewall layer in the opening, the present invention facilitates ensuring that the target ion concentration at each position of the pattern layer along the thickness of the pattern layer meets process requirements, while also improving the problem of severe lateral diffusion of the target ions near the bottom of the opening, thereby facilitating improved sidewall verticality and line width accuracy of the pattern layer, thereby improving the accuracy of pattern transfer.

The invention discloses a metal-lignin composite material and a preparation method and application thereof, and belongs to the technical field of photothermal conversion materials. The metal-lignin composite material provided by the invention is obtained by reacting lignin with metal ions in an ammonia water system; at least a part of the metal ions are chemically bonded to the lignin, and at least a part of the metal ions chemically bonded to the lignin form metal / ammonia coordination; the metal ions are one of copper ions, iron ions, cobalt ions, nickel ions and chromium ions. According to the invention, through the synergistic effect of each coordination, the composite material can be endowed with excellent ultraviolet-visible light-near infrared light absorption capacity, the light absorption and photothermal conversion performance, stability and durability of the composite material are greatly improved, and the composite material has wide market application prospects in the technical field of solar water evaporation and water treatment.

The invention belongs to the technical field of photovoltaic materials, and particularly relates to a preparation method and application of a C60 material containing tetrazole olefinic bonds. The preparation method of the C60 material containing the tetrazole olefinic bond comprises the following steps: (1) mixing tetrazole and halogenated olefin to obtain tetrazolyl halogenated olefin; and (2) mixing halogenated C60 and tetrazolyl halogenated olefin, and carrying out Sonogashira coupling reaction to obtain the C60 material containing the tetrazolyl olefin bond. The beneficial effects of the invention are that the C60 material containing tetrazole olefinic bonds is used as the electron transport layer, and in the P2 and P3 laser scribing process, dynamically broken tetrazole halide can be bonded with Pb ions in perovskite, thereby effectively self-repairing possible damage of laser scribing to the perovskite thin film, and improving the performance of the perovskite thin film. A laser scribing area is well protected; meanwhile, non-radiative recombination of a perovskite electron transmission interface can be effectively reduced, and the efficiency and the stability of a device are improved.

A system includes an ion source configured to generate ions having a first polarity, one or more extraction electrodes configured to extract the ions from the ion source as an ion beam having an extraction energy, a mass resolving slit or aperture configured to select a desired isotope from the ion beam such that a desired isotopic ion beam passes through the mass resolving slit or aperture, a target positioned relative to the mass resolving slit or aperture so that the desired isotopic ion beam is incident on the target, and a voltage source coupled to the target and configured to hold the target at a first voltage having the first polarity. The first voltage causes a reduction of the extraction energy as the desired isotopic ion beam approaches the target to minimize sputtering and maximize collection of the ions on the target to reconstitute an ionized material.

The application relates to a double anion sodium ion battery positive electrode material and a preparation method and application thereof, and belongs to the technical field of sodium ion batteries. p Cu x Fe y Mn z M q O (2‑α‑β) (SO4) β F α , wherein M is a doping element other than Cu, Fe and Mn; 0.61 < p <= 0.78, 0.22 <= x <= 0.33, 0.10 <= y <= 0.12, 0.45 <= z <= 0.78, 0.08 <= q <= 0.12, and x + y + z + q = 1; 0 < alpha <= 0.1; 0 < beta <= 0.05, the values of p, x, y, z, q, alpha and beta satisfy the charge balance of the chemical formula. The double anion sodium ion battery positive electrode material has strong electronegativity, and the two kinds of anions form a more stable structure with cations in the material, and the sodium ion free distance is shortened, and the structural stability is improved.

The invention provides a method for promoting low-temperature densification of yttria-stabilized zirconia and application, and belongs to the technical field of high-temperature solid oxide fuel cells. The nano-powder prepared by a sol-gel method is small in particle size, large in specific surface area and high in activity, so that the densification temperature of the nano-powder is reduced, the nano-powder is sintered in a vapor-containing atmosphere, the oxygen partial pressure under high-temperature vapor is reduced, lattice oxygen escapes to form oxygen vacancies, meanwhile, hydrogen proton defects generated by hydrolysis reduce the formation energy of cation defects, and the oxygen vacancies are reduced. Formation of defects is promoted, and oxygen vacancies and the defects provide channels for atomic diffusion; and hydroxyl adsorbed on the surface of the YSZ and cations form ionic bonds, the diffusion rate of OH <-> is far higher than that of O2 <->, and due to electrostatic interaction, diffusion of cations is further promoted, so that sintering of the YSZ is promoted, and low-temperature densification of the YSZ is realized.

The application provides a magnetic fluid driven shock wave water jet supercritical state ion mist explosion decomposer, which comprises a water body type Mach shock wave generator, the water body type Mach shock wave generator converts electric energy into high-energy shock wave energy, liquid forms a liquid-gas mixed layer at the tip of a Mach cone, micro-nano cavities in the liquid-gas mixed layer collapse to generate ultrahigh temperature and pressure, provide conditions for the formation of supercritical state ions, and are accompanied by micro-jets, which are dispersed on the surface of the liquid; and a magnetic fluid driver is arranged above the water body type Mach shock wave generator, the magnetic fluid driver generates an electric field perpendicular to a magnetic field through positive and negative electrodes, cuts the magnetic force lines, and makes the liquid form a rotating vortex flow by itself. The decomposer can play a role in sterilization and disinfection in water and air, and has the advantages of lightness, smallness, thinness, low power consumption, low cost and the like.