The invention is applicable to the field of producing optical fiber devices, and provides an optical fiber tapering device and method. The optical fiber tapering device comprises a bottom plate, a rotating module, a heating furnace, and a heating pipe, wherein the bottom plate is used for supporting; the rotating module is arranged on the bottom plate, and used for rotating and stretching to-be-treated optical fiber connected on the rotating module; the heating furnace is arranged on the bottom plate and arranged in parallel to the rotating module, and used for heating a part of to-be-treated optical fiber to a fusion state so as to facilitate stretching; and the heating pipe is arranged in the heating furnace and used for the to-be-treated optical fiber to penetrate through so as to fix the to-be-treated optical fiber and prevent a part, positioned in the heating pipe, of the to-be-treated optical fiber from being oxidized in heating. The invention further relates to an optical fiber tapering method based on the optical fiber tapering device, and the method comprises the following steps: interspersing, placement, winding, ventilation, heating, stretching and the like. The device realizes the laboratory manufacturing of micronano-level optical fibers, the cost of the optical fiber tapering device can be lowered, and the device is suitable for use in experimental study.