The present invention relates to a modified polymer having a high modification ratio and an excellent affinity with a filler, a method of preparing the same, a rubber composition including the modified polymer, and a molded article prepared from the rubber composition. The modified polymer according to the present invention may exhibit a high modification ratio by including functional groups in a polymer main chain and on at least one end thereof, and thus, an affinity with a filler, such as silica, may be excellent. Also, the rubber composition according to the present invention may have excellent processability by including the modified polymer having an excellent affinity with the filler, and, as a result, a processed product (e.g., tire) prepared by using the rubber composition may have excellent tensile strength, abrasion resistance, and wet road surface resistance.