186 results about "Carbamate pesticides" patented technology

The invention provides a quality assurance method by high-quality composite degradation of pesticide residues in orange peels, belonging to the technical field of elimination of the pesticide residues in fruit and vegetable. The method comprises the following steps: selecting different varieties of high-quality orange peels as raw materials; compositely soaking the fresh orange peels in alkali liquor and ozone, and then soaking and washing the orange peels with clear water, and meanwhile carrying out ultrasonic washing during the process; and carrying out low-frequency (915MHz) microwave treatment so that the degradation rate of most part of organophosphorus, organochlorine and carbamate pesticides in the orange peels reaches over 80% and ethion and methamidophos can be fully degraded. The method has the advantages that a plurality of the original pesticide degradation methods are systematically screened and integrated, thus the defect of a single method such as different degradation degrees on different pesticides is avoided so as to eliminate the pesticide residues in the orange peel maximally; and by means of the composite method, loss of nutrition as well as color, aroma and taste components during the degradation process of the pesticide residues in the orange peels is lowered minimally so as to keep the original nutrition, flavor and color of the orange peels maximally.

The invention provides application of photosynthetic bacteria fermentation broth in pesticide and metal combined contamination soil. In the application, the photosynthetic bacteria fermentation broth with the number effective viable bacteria to be between 108 and 1,010 per millimeter is diluted to 10 to 150 times with water; the fermentation broth is uniformly sprayed to degrading bacteria treated soil in dosage of between 10 and 50kg per mu; the earth surface is turned over for about 20 cm after the spraying is completed to ensure that the broth and the soil are sufficiently mixed and the photosynthetic bacteria can degrade residues of carbamic acid ester pesticide in the soil in high efficiency; and simultaneously, the bioavailability of the metal can be reduced to repair the carbamic acid ester pesticide and metal combined contamination soil. The photosynthetic bacteria has wide raw material sources, low price and easily controlled growing condition, can use low molecular organic substances as photosynthetic electron receptor to perform photo heterotrophic growth under anaerobic illuminating condition, can use organic substances as breathing substrate to perform aerobic or heterotrophic growth under dark and aerobic conditions, can carry out the photosynthesis without releasing oxygen, and is suitable for large-scale industrial implementation.

The present invention relates to a method for analyzing residual agricultural chemicals which comprises the steps of acting a reduced glutathione as a reactive substrate and a glutathione transferase serving as a catalyst for the reaction on a carbofuran derivative or a methomyl derivative as a carbamate type agricultural chemical of a new series to thus derivatize the agricultural chemical into a substance having a high choline esterase-inhibitory activity; reacting the substances formed through the derivatization reaction with a choline esterase; and then detecting the presence of the agricultural chemical as the new series of carbamate type one included in a sample to be examined on the basis of the changes in the choline esterase activity thus detected. The method of the present invention may serve as a powerful tool for the detection of the residual agricultural chemicals in grains such as rice and the detection of the content of agricultural chemicals remaining in agricultural products such as vegetables and fruits.

The invention discloses a preparation method of a molecular imprinting-fluorescent quantum dot dual-functional composite microsphere and application thereof in carbamates pesticide residue analysis, and relates to a preparation method and an application method of dual-functional composite microsphere, aiming at solving the problems of the existing carbamates pesticide residue analysis which is complex in pretreatment step, high in organic solvent consumption, long in analysis time, high in cost and serious in hazard to operator. The preparation method comprises the steps of I. synthesizing a doping type quantum dot ZnS: Mn; and II. preparing the molecular imprinting-fluorescent quantum dot dual-functional composite microsphere; the application method of the molecular imprinting-fluorescent quantum dot dual-functional composite microsphere in carbamates pesticide residue analysis comprises the steps of I. mixing; and II. detecting. The preparation method and application disclosed by the invention have the advantages that adding standard recovery rate of determination is 94-99%, and analysis cost is reduced by 50-70%; the method is applicable to preparation and application methods of the molecular imprinting-fluorescent quantum dot dual-functional composite microsphere.

The invention discloses a preparation method of a mixed four-template magnetic imprinted polymer. The preparation method comprises the following steps of preparation and modification of magnetic microspheres, dissolving, pre-polymerizing, polymerizing, template eluting, drying and the like. The preparation method is characterized in that four matters are used as templates; in a polymerizing process, the modified magnetic microspheres are added to synthesize a magnetic molecular imprinted polymer with specificity identification on triazole matters, pyrethroid matters, triazine matters and carbamate matters. The preparation method has the advantages that the preparation process is easily controlled, the function design is convenient, the prepared polymer has high stability and strength and can resist acid and alkaline, grinding and column loading are not needed, and the efficiency of adsorbing triazole, pyrethroid, triazine and carbamate matters is high; the preparation method is suitable for preparing the microspheres of the mixed four-template magnetic imprinted polymer, and the prepared polymer can be further used for separating and measuring samples when multiple residues of triazole, pyrethroid, triazine and carbamate pesticides in foods, feeds and other samples are simultaneously analyzed.

The invention provides an up-conversion fluorescent molecular imprinted polymer and a preparation method thereof, and relates to the field of novel high polymer enrichment materials. Up-conversion fluorescent nano particles NaYF4:Yb<3+> and Er<3+> are used as novel carriers, the novel carriers are combined with a molecular imprinting technology. The invention particularly relates to an up-conversion fluorescent molecular imprinted polymer with good adsorbing and separating functions on carbamate pesticide metolcarb molecules and a preparation method of the up-conversion fluorescent molecular imprinted polymer. The synthesized up-conversion fluorescent molecular imprinted polymer is great in specific surface area, so that the mass transfer rate and the adsorbing capacity are improved greatly in comparison with those of the conventional materials. And moreover, the preparation method is low in cost, simple in synthesis process, and easy in reaction condition control. The prepared up-conversion fluorescent molecular imprinted polymer has the characteristics of high sensitivity and high selectivity on a target product, good reproducibility and good application prospect.

The present invention provides a quick reflection test card and making method of pesticide residue, which can adapt the acetylcholinesterase with extracting the serum of human as enzyme piece and measure the sensibility of organophosphorus and carbamate pesticide ranged from 0.001 to 1.2mg / kg, wherein the quick reflection test card is a rather sensitive enzyme source. This invention discloses a good heat-stability enzyme source, which lasts 7-8 hours by adding gelatin stabler or trehalose in more or less 90 deg.c circumstances.

The invention discloses application of a near infrared-emission fluorescent probe in quick pesticide residue detection and belongs to the technical field of quick pesticide detection. The probe is based on rhoda-fluor fluorescence matrix and has specific activity on acetylcholine esterase AChE; by means of an enzyme inhibition detection principle, the probe can be applied to quick detection of organophosphorus pesticide and carbamate pesticide residues in food. The acetylcholine esterase AChE is extracted from duck blood; in an appropriate probe substrate range, enzyme activity and an inhibition rate can be represented by quantitatively detecting fluorescence intensity change of the probe. Four pesticide detection standard curves have small error, and R<2> is larger than 0.98; vegetable pesticide adding standard recovery most reaches 80 to 110%, so that the near infrared-emission fluorescent probe disclosed by the invention can be applied to quantitative, ppb-grade and quick detectionof organophosphorus and carbamate pesticide residues in the food.

The present invention discloses a modified fertility-increaisng agent for acid soil, belonging to soil containing material only containing inorganic compound. Said fertility-increasing agent is made up by using the components of calcium hydroxide, potassium chloride, cyanamid and pottery clay through the processes of mixing, spraying water, moistening, extruding, granulating and drying. Said invented fertility-increasing agent not only can be used for improving acid soil and modifying it, but also can neutralize and convert the residue of organic phosphate and carbamate pesticides in the soil into nitrogenous fertilizer and phosphate fertilizer which can be easily absorbed by crops.

A graphene / silica gel solid extraction material and application thereof belong to the field of analytical detection pretreatment of composites and agricultural products. The graphene / silica gel solid extraction material prepared via an electrostatic adsorption technique is provided herein; the graphene / silica gel solid extraction material can well adsorb carbamate pesticides in plants and agricultural products by the aid of pi-pi bond action and interaction between electrostatic adsorption and carbamate pesticides; recycling experiments prove that the graphene / silica gel solid extraction material can adsorb carbamate pesticides for agricultural products under high speed and efficiency, has good detection reproducibility and high stability, has wide range of application and other advantages, and has a promising application prospect.

The invention discloses a colloidal gold immunochromatography test strip and a preparing and use method thereof. This test strip includes PVC floor plate, sample pad, gold labeling pad, detection line, control line, nitrotoluene cellulose membrane and absorbing pad; the described gold labeling pad is coated with a mixture coating of organophosphorus pesticide and carbamates general antibody with the colloidal gold labeling; and the detection line is coated with a conjugate coating of organophosphorus pesticide general hapten and carrier protein, as well as conjugate of carbamates general hapten and carrier protein; and the described control line is coated with the rabbit anti-mouse or goat anti-mouse IgG antibody. The test strip can detect most of the organophosphorus pesticide and carbamates pesticide, with high sensitivity, good stability, and may be used for fast detection and preliminary screening of organophosphorus pesticide and carbamates pesticide residues in the agricultural products such as vegetables and fruits etc.

The invention discloses a quick detecting card for immunochromatography of organophosphorus and carbamate pesticide multiresidue cholinesterase.The quick detecting card comprises a bottom board and a covering board.A plurality sets of buffering pads are arranged on the bottom board, a plurality of sample pads are crossed on each buffering pad, and enzyme pads, detection films and water absorbing pads are sequentially arranged and pasted in the mode of being close to the sample pads.A plurality of feeding holes and a plurality of windows are formed in the covering board.The upper surfaces of the detection films are wrapped by organophosphorus and carbamate pesticide protein conjugate and anti-bio-enzyme antibodies IgG in parallel.The quick detecting card is rapid and easy to operate; various kinds of organophosphorus and carbamate pesticide in samples can be rapidly detected at the same time, the sensitivity is 0.008 mg / kg-0.987 mg / kg, the result can be observed in 3 minutes to 5 minutes, and the quick detecting card is suitable for quickly detecting organophosphorus and carbamate pesticides in vegetables, fruits and environment water samples.

The invention discloses an array-type 96-channel rapid detector for pesticide residue, which comprises a casing. A front panel of the casing is provided with an LCD screen and a plurality of keys; the upper surface of the casing is provided with a printer and a cover plate of a 96-channel sample-detection module; the rear part of the casing is provided with a power socket, a power switch and an RS232 / USB interface; and the 96-channel sample-detection module, a microprocessor and a power source are arranged inside the casing, wherein the 96-channel sample-detection module of the 96-channel rapid detector for pesticide residue is formed by combining two 48-channel detection modules; a module light source is an array-type light source which integrates and combines 96 light-emitting diodes 412 nanometers in wavelength; a module detector is an integrated-type array combination of 96 photoelectric sensors; and the array-type light source and the array-type detector are in one-to-one correspondence of arrangement mode and cooperate with each other. The rapid detector can rapidly detect the content of organophosphorus and carbamate pesticide residue in foods, vegetables, fruits and water so as to guarantee the safety of eaters.

The invention discloses a fast testing card for organophosphorus and carbamate pesticide residues. The fast testing card comprises a lower cover and an upper cover buckled with the lower cover, wherein the upper cover is provided with a sample adding hole and an observation hole, rapid testing paper for testing the pesticide residues is fixed in the lower cover, the rapid testing paper comprises a bottom plate and a sample climbing film adhered to and fixed with the middle of the bottom plate, a color development pad and a water absorption pad are sequentially adhered to one end of the sample climbing film, a separation film and an enzyme pad are sequentially adhered to the other end of the sample climbing film, the position of the observation hole corresponds to an observation position of the color development pad, the position of the sample adding hole corresponds to the position of the enzyme pad, the detection time is short, the operation is simple, the anti-interference ability is strong due to lateral chromatography, the color development effect is good, the fast testing card can be widely used for quickly detecting the organophosphorus and carbamate pesticide residues, and is applicable to the technical field of bioengineering.

The invention discloses a method for detecting pesticide residues in vegetables. The method comprises the following steps of: chopping the vegetables to be detected; adding an extracting agent for ultrasonic extraction to obtain an extracting solution, and preparing a test sample solution to be detected by using the extracting solution; and then adding flour esterase and a developing agent into the test sample solution to be detected, uniformly shaking the mixture, standing, adding a substrate solution into the mixture, then putting the mixture into a colorimetric pool for color development, and measuring absorbance variation values of the test sample solution to be detected and a contrast test sample liquid within a color development reaction time period. According to the method, organophosphorus and carbamates pesticide in the vegetables can be detected quickly; the operation is quick and convenient; furthermore, the carbamate is catalyzed by reduced glutathione and glutathione transferase, so that the inhibition effect of the carbamic acid ester against the flour esterase is improved, and the sensitivity of detection is improved; other components except the vegetable extracts of the contrast test sample solution are consistent with components in the test sample solution to be detected.

The invention belongs to the technical field of analysis detection, in particular to a silicon nano-wire biological sensor for detecting pesticide residues. The sensor uses a field effect tube FET, which uses a silicon nano-wire as a channel and is provided with a back gate structure, as a converter, and uses acetylcholinesterase (or butyrylcholine esterase) as a biosensing element to realize high-sensitivity detection on pesticides; and the pesticides include organophosphorus pesticides and carbamates pesticides. Because the silicon nano-wire with the larger specific surface area is very sensitive to the change response to the channel surface charge, the sensor can realize high-sensitivity detection on the organophosphorus pesticides and the carbamates pesticides. In addition, the silicon nano-wire field effect tube is prepared by using a large-scale integrated circuit process and can be produced on large scale and in batch, so the cost of single sensor is reduced.

The invention discloses a method for detecting organophosphorus and carbamate pesticide residue, which is to determine whether a sample to be tested contains organophosphorus or / and carbamate pesticides according to the suppression ratio of an extracting solution of the sample to be tested on cholinesterase, wherein the suppression ratio of the extracting solution of the sample to be tested on the cholinesterase is determined through the chromatic value of the extracting solution of the sample to be tested. The chromatic value is acquired through digital image processing technology. The method greatly improves detection efficiency, is particularly suitable for the mass detection of vegetable samples, and has the advantages of high automation degree, high measurement accuracy, quick, simple and convenient operation, few needed instruments and equipment, low cost, low requirement on environmental conditions of the determination, and no pollution.

The invention relates to a gas chromatographic method for detecting the residue amount of nine kinds of organophosphorus pesticide in rice. Qualitative and quantitative detection on the pesticide residues of dichlorphos, acephate, omethoate, dimethoate, phorate, malathion, fenitrothion, isocarbophos and triazophos is achieved. The gas chromatographic method is characterized in that acetonitrile is used as extractant, extracting solutions are concentrated through a gas blowing concentrator, and after volume metering is carried out through acetone, trace analysis is directly carried out on a gas chromatograph. The gas chromatographic method has the advantages that the separating effect of a chromatographic column on a target object is good, the detection result is high in accuracy, reproducibility is good, and method sensitivity meets the technical requirement of multi-pesticide-residue detection; compared with the method of GB / T5009.145-2003 national standards (the detection of multiple kinds of residues of organophosphorus and carbamates pesticide in plant food), the gas chromatographic method is simpler, simplifies the pre-processing processes of samples, shortens detection time, and saves cost.

A nucleotide sequence for coding the acetylcholinesterase of fruit fly is same as the sequence shown by SEQ ID No.5. Said coding is to cut off the signal peptide of acetylcholinesterase and the nucleotide of glucophosphatide anchoring signal. The residual nucleotide sequence is same as that shown by SEQ ID No.6. Its product has high sensitivity to low-concentration organophosphorus and aminoformate, so it can be used to detect the residual agricultural chemicals in agricultural products.

The invention discloses a rapid domestic fruit and vegetable pesticide residue detection instrument, and relates to the technical field of agriculture product detection. Organophosphorus and carbamate pesticide residues in vegetables and fruits can be detected on site. The instrument consists of a detection panel, a detection instrument body and an enzyme biologic sensor, and further comprises a pocket with a reagent prepared at a certain ratio and an enzyme membrane for fixing acetylcholin esterase. According to the detection principle, on the basis of a cyclic voltammetry method, the concentration of the pesticide is measured by measuring the change of current generated from an electrode which is modified by acetylcholin esterase before and after contacting the pesticide. Weak current signals generated from an enzyme electrode are acquired, amplified and converted through an amplifier, and output to a data processing device, a display and a mini printer are arranged at a data acquisition terminal, whether the pesticide exceeds the standard or not can be displayed, and the result can be printed and output. The instrument is applicable to an occasion for on-site rapid detection on pesticide residues.

The invention relates to a specific antibody against a pesticide meta-tolyl-N-methylcarbamate and preparation of an artificial antigen and the antibody of the carbamate pesticide meta-tolyl-N-methylcarbamate, in particular to preparation of a hapten, the artificial antigen and the antibody of the carbamate pesticide meta-tolyl-N-methylcarbamate with the molecular structure of 3-methyl benzene. The invention solves the problem that the traditional physical and chemical analysis methods are complicated, high in cost and slow in analysis, and provides simple, convenient, sensitive and accurate immunoassay. In the method, 1-(3-carboxyethyl)-3-m-tolylurea is used as the hapten and is linked with such carrier proteins as hemocyanin and horseradish peroxidase respectively to synthesize the artificial antigen and an enzyme-labelled antigen. The artificial antigen is characterized by simple synthetic method and better stability. The antibody is prepared through animal immunization of the artificial antigen, blood collection and antiserum separation and purification. The antibody is stable, has good specificity and sensitivity, can be used for quick immunoassay of the carbamate pesticide meta-tolyl-N-methylcarbamate and has good application prospect.

The present invention discloses a silk-screen printing electrode sensor preparation method based on ionic liquid-multi-wall carbon nano-tube modification, and belongs to the technical field of biological sensors. According to the method, an ionic liquid-multi-wall carbon nano-tube nanometer material is prepared and then coats the surface of a silk-screen printing carbon electrode in a dropwise manner, and then acetylcholine esterase coats the surface of the ionic liquid-multi-wall carbon nano-tube nanometer material modified silk-screen printing work electrode in a dropwise manner so as to prepare the acetylcholine esterase biological sensor for detecting organic phosphorus and carbamate pesticides. According to the present invention, the prepared sensor has characteristics of simple process, easy operation, low cost, high detection sensitivity, strong electrical signal and simple electrode pretreatment, and is suitable for detection of pesticide residues, wherein the detection limit is 0.05 [mu]g / L.

The invention discloses a simple portable pesticide residue detector, and belongs to the technical field of trace detection. The simple portable pesticide residue detector is based on enzymatic inhibition method-based pesticide residue detecting technology, and can be used for on-site detection of organophosphorus pesticide residue and carbamates pesticide residue in fruits and vegetables. The simple portable pesticide residue detector is composed of a control chip, a rechargeable battery, a reducer motor, a heater, a paper tape reel attached with detection tablets, a USB terminal, and the like. Detection lower limit of the simple portable pesticide residue detector ranges from 0.0 to 3.0mg / L (organophosphorus pesticides and carbamates pesticides), the simple portable pesticide residue detector is small in size, light in weight, low in instrument cost and detection cost, high in practicality and sensitivity, and wide in application range; is convenient for carrying and operation, and quick for detection; and can be used for on-site quick detection.

The invention relates to an insecticidal composition, which belongs to the pesticide complex field. The effective components are sufluoxime and carbamates pesticides, wherein the weight ratio of two effective components is 1 - 80: 80 - 1, preferably the weight ratio is 3 - 50: 60 - 5; the total mass percentage content of the active ingredient in the insecticidal composition is 1% to 90%, preferably the total mass percentage content is 5% to 60%, and the balance is other pesticides acceptable auxiliary materials, aqueous emulsions, micron emulsions, missible oil, pulvis, suspending agents, water dispersible powder and water dispersion granules can be prepared by a known method; sufluoxime and carbamates pesticides are taken as active ingredients for preventing and controlling tea pests, citrus moths and vegetable insects.

The invention discloses preparation and application of a nano cerium oxide / mesoporous carbon sensor for detecting a pesticide, and belongs to the technical field of safe and quick detection on the quality of agricultural products. According to the preparation and the application of the nano cerium oxide / mesoporous carbon sensor for detecting the pesticide, the surface of a cleaned and activated screen-printed electrode is successively modified by a prepared nano cerium oxide-chitosan compound and a prepared ordered mesoporous carbon-chitosan compound; afterwards, acetylcholin esterase is dropwise added on the well modified electrode; the pesticide is detected through calculating the change of a current before and after the sensor is in contact with the pesticide; the concentration of pesticide residues in a fruit and a vegetable are quantified according to a standard curve. In an experiment, a quadratic rotation-orthogonal experiment is adopted, experimental parameters are optimized, so as to obtain optimized parameters that the pH (potential of Hydrogen) value of a testing base solution is 8.0, the fixed quantity of the acetylcholin esterase is 0.1U, and the inhibition time of the pesticide is 12min. The prepared acetylcholin esterase sensor is low in detection limit, good in stability and quick in detection, is applicable to the detection on organic phosphorus type and carbamate type pesticides, and can be used for detecting pesticide residue in a practical sample.

The invention relates to an acetylcholine esterase mutant and application thereof and reveals an acetylcholine esterase mutant. The enzymatic activity of the acetylcholine esterase mutant is remarkably higher than the enzymatic activity of wild type under conditions of unchanged catalytic products. The acetylcholine esterase mutant is also displayed and expressed on surfaces of yeast cells, and used for detecting existence or not or existing amounts of organophosphorus or carbamates pesticides in samples to be detected. The sensitivity is raised greatly.

The invention discloses a method for detecting carbamate pesticide content in total particle matter in cigarette mainstream smoke, belonging to the technical field of tobacco chemical analysis. The method comprises the steps of putting a Cambridge filter with trapped total particle matter in cigarette mainstream smoke into a conical flask with a plug; adding 100ml of mixed solvent of ethyl acetate and cyclohexane according to the volume ratio of 85:15; putting the conical flask on an ultrasonic generator to extract for 30min; concentrating the extracted liquid to 0.5ml after drying; using the mixed solution of toluene and acetonitrile (1:3) to reach a volume of 2ml to be purified; putting Envi-carb / NH2SPE small column on a solid phase extracting device, adding 2g of anhydrous sodium sulfate to the Envi-carb / NH2 composite column; using 5ml of mixed solution of toluene and acetonitrile according to the volume ratio of 3:1 to perform activation; transferring the to-be-purified sample test liquid to the composite column, using 5ml of mixed solvent of acetonitrile and toluene according to the volume ratio of 3:1 to perform elution for three times, wherein the rate is not more than 5.0ml / min; concentrating the eluate to 0.5ml, using 5ml of dichloromethane to exchange solvents for two times, concentrating the exchanged test liquid to 1ml, and then performing analysis. The invention has the advantages of simple and convenient method and accurate detected data of pesticide content.

The invention discloses a rapid detection apparatus for residual organic pesticides in agricultural products. The rapid detection apparatus comprises a detection disc which is a circular disc body with a recessed central part relative to the periphery part; a central reaction zone formed by vertically mounting a circular-ring-shaped retainer ring on the central part of the upper end surface of the detection disc; a plurality of straight partition plates dividing the periphery of the central reaction zone into radial alternately-distributed reagent storage zones and spacer zones; a carrier which comprises a plurality of reagent carriers and a blank carrier located in the central reaction zone; and a vacuum coating film which coats the detection disc and the carriers. The rapid detection apparatus provided by the invention is simple in structure, low in cost and convenient to store and use. The invention also discloses a detection method using the apparatus. The detection method can visually and rapidly detect whether an agricultural product contains residual organic phosphorus and carbamate pesticides via color changes of the blank carrier in the central reaction zone; and the detection apparatus is convenient and rapid to use and greatly improves detection efficiency.

The invention discloses a method for processing a Chinese herbal medicine sample containing carbamate pesticide residues before determination, comprising the following steps: accurately weighing 2g of a smashed Chinese herbal medicine sample; adding 30ml of acetonitrile in a centrifuge tube; eddying for 2 minutes; centrifuging for 5 minutes at 4000 rmp; taking a supernate; repeatedly extracting residues by 10-20ml of acetonitrile once; eddying for 2 minutes; centrifuging for 5minutes at 4000 rmp; combining supernates; drying the extracting solution by evaporation at 40DEG C; dissolving the residues by 5ml of acetone-normal hexane at the volume ratio of 20:80; standing to be purified; activating a PSA (pressure swing adsorption) solid phase extraction column; connecting the PSA column with an injector with the volume of 25ml by an adapter of a solid phase extraction column; restoring the volume by 2ml of methyl alcohol and 0.1% methanoic acid water; performing sampling introduction after passing through a 0.22mu m filter membrane; and determining by an ultrahigh-performance liquid phase-mass spectrum / mass spectrometer. The processing method which is disclosed by the invention has the advantages of high determination speed, simple equipment, low determination cost, and high accuracy, stability and reliability.